Utilization of tartaric acid and related compounds by yeasts: taxonomic implications

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1242-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Glucaric Acid ◽  
Mucic Acid ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Ascomycetous Yeasts ◽  
Aldaric Acids ◽  
Related Compounds

A survey of yeasts capable of growing on L(+)-tartaric acid as the sole source of carbon and energy showed that this organic acid is assimilated by a significant number of species of basidiomycetous affinity and is seldom utilized by ascomycetous yeasts. This conclusion was further supported by the fact that among approximately 100 isolates from various natural substrates, using selective media with L(+)-tartaric acid, only one strain of ascomycetous affinity was obtained. In a more comprehensive survey 442 yeast strains belonging to 138 species, mostly of basidiomycetous affinity, were also screened for the assimilation of different aldaric acids: D(−)-tartaric acid, meso-tartaric acid, L(−)-malic acid, D(+)-glucaric acid (saccharic acid), and galactaric acid (mucic acid). L(+)-Tartrate was the most frequently utilized tartaric acid isomer (55% of the total number of strains of basidiomycetous affinity belonging to either the Tremellales/Filobasidiales or the Ustilaginales) when compared with the D(−) and meso forms, which were assimilated by 12 and 18% of the total number of strains, respectively (mainly of tremellaceous species). Saccharic acid was utilized by about 75% of the total number of species of Tremellales affinity and by less than 20% of the ustilaginaceous species. Assimilation of mucic acid occurred in more than 50% of the tremellaceous species and only in 5% of the species related to the Ustilaginales. These tests, not used in standard yeast identification sets, appear to contribute to distinguishing taxa at or above the species level. Key words: assimilation, tartaric acid, aldaric acids, yeasts, taxonomy.

Nutrition and phylogeny of predacious yeasts

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-André Lachance ◽  
Ana Pupovac-Velikonja ◽  
Sabrina Natarajan ◽  
Birgit Schlag-Edler
Keyword(s):  
Candida Species ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Sulfate Transport ◽  
Prototheca Zopfii ◽  
Organic Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Sequence Relatedness ◽  
Ascomycetous Yeasts ◽  
Predacious Species

Yeast predation was studied with respect to the range of its distribution among ascomycetous yeasts, the range of yeast species that can be affected, and nutritional aspects of the phenomenon. The yeasts identified as predators belong to the Saccharomycopsis clade as defined on the basis of rDNA sequence relatedness. The 11 recognized species in the clade, plus three undescribed but related Candida species, were shown to be incapable of utilizing sulfate as sole source of sulfur, and all but two (Saccharomycopsis capsularis andSaccharomycopsis vini) were observed to penetrate and kill other yeasts under some conditions. Other unrelated sulfate transport-deficient yeasts (strains in the genera Pichia and Candida and the two known species of Starmera) are not predacious. The predacious species vary considerably as to the optimal environmental conditions that favour predation. Some are inhibited by the presence of rich nitrogenous nutrients, organic sulfur compounds, or higher concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, whereas other species may be stimulated under the same conditions. An attempt was made to correlate prey susceptibility to the excretion of substances that stimulate the growth of predators, but no correlation was detected between the two phenomena. The range of susceptible prey covers both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, and includes Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which was previously thought to be immune. The achlorophyllous alga Prototheca zopfii is not killed by predacious yeasts, but the initial steps of penetration have been observed in some cases. Predacious species attack other predacious species, and in some cases, young cultures may penetrate older cultures of the same strain.Key words: predacious yeasts, sulfate transport deficiency, Saccharomycopsis.

scholarly journals Separate Upper Pathway Ring Cleavage Dioxygenases Are Required for Growth of Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 on Dibenzofuran and Dibenzo-p-dioxin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamer Y. Mutter ◽  
Gerben J. Zylstra
Keyword(s):  
Sole Source ◽  
Gene Replacement ◽  
Ring Cleavage ◽  
Promoter Strength ◽  
Double Knockout ◽  
Catabolic Pathways ◽  
Sphingomonas Wittichii ◽  
Physiological Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Related Compounds

Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 is one of a few strains known to grow on the related compounds dibenzofuran (DBF) and dibenzo-p-dioxin (DXN) as the sole source of carbon. Previous work by others (B. Happe, L. D. Eltis, H. Poth, R. Hedderich, and K. N. Timmis, J Bacteriol 175:7313-20, 1993, doi: 10.1128/jb.175.22.7313-7320.1993) showed that purified DbfB had significant ring cleavage activity against the DBF metabolite trihydroxybiphenyl but little activity against the DXN metabolite trihydroxybiphenylether. We took a physiological approach to positively identify ring cleavage enzymes involved in the DBF and DXN pathways. Knockout of dbfB on the RW1 megaplasmid pSWIT02 results in a strain that grows slowly on DBF but normally on DXN confirming that DbfB is not involved in DXN degradation. Knockout of SWIT3046 on the RW1 chromosome results in a strain that grows normally on DBF but that does not grow on DXN demonstrating that SWIT3046 is required for DXN degradation. A double knockout strain does not grow on either DBF or DXN demonstrating that these are the only ring cleavage enzymes involved in RW1 DBF and DXN degradation. Substitution of dbfB by SWIT3046 results in a strain that grows normally (equal to wild type) on both DBF and DXN showing that promoter strength is important for SWIT3046 to take the place of DbfB in DBF degradation. Thus both dbfB and SWIT3046 encoded enzymes are involved in DBF degradation but only the SWIT3046 encoded enzyme is involved in DXN degradation. Importance S. wittichii RW1 has been the subject of numerous investigations due to the fact that it is one of only a few strains known to grow on DXN as the sole carbon and energy source. However, while the genome has been sequenced and several DBF pathway enzymes have been purified, there has been very little research using physiological techniques to precisely identify the genes and enzymes involved in the RW1 DBF and DXN catabolic pathways. Using knockout and gene replacement mutagenesis our work identifies separate upper pathway ring cleavage enzymes involved in the related catabolic pathways for DBF and DXN degradation. The identification of a new enzyme involved in DXN biodegradation explains why the pathway of DBF degradation on the RW1 megaplasmid pSWIT02 is inefficient for DXN degradation. In addition, our work demonstrates that both plasmid and chromosomally encoded enzymes are necessary for DXN degradation suggesting that the DXN pathway has only recently evolved.

scholarly journals The Kazakhstan medicinal flora survey in a leading families volume

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Ludmila Grudzinskaya ◽  
◽  
Nadezhda Gemejiyeva ◽  
Zhanat Karzhaubekova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Pharmacological Research ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Medicinal Flora

It has been perfomed a comprehensive survey of botany — pharmacological research of 7 leading families of medicinal flora in Kazakhstan which combine 648 species (46 per cent of all pharmaceutical flora). The leading families encompassing the largest number of species are Asteraceae (196 species), Rosaceae (89), Lamiaceae и Fabaceae (по 78), Ranunculaceae (75), Apiaceae (69), Brassicaceae (63). The families to be analyzed include 109 pharmacopoeia species (some 47 per cent of all known species in Kazakhstan of official medicine) and 18 rare ones. Research on resource potential of medicinal species within analysed families has been extremely low. Out of 648 medical herbs raw materials inventory has been defined only for 88 that makes up some 3.6 % species of plants of 7 leading families, among them there are 50 species to be applied to official medicine. The introduction research of medicinal plants is substantially high than recource one. In the territory of Kazakhstan has been tested in crop about 40 per cent of the plants of families mentioned above. The features of farming techniques have been worked out only for 15 pharmacopeia species; the crop yields of medicinal plants in crop have been defined for 70 species of leading families.

scholarly journals Aqueous Dehydration, Hydrogenation and Hydrodeoxygenation Reactions of Bio-Based Mucic Acid over Ni, NiMo, Pt, Rh, and Ru on Neutral or Acidic Catalyst Supports

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigita Hočevar ◽  
Miha Grilc ◽  
Blaž Likozar
Keyword(s):  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Glucaric Acid ◽  
Mucic Acid ◽  
Pathway Network ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
H2 Addition

Hydrotreatment of mucic acid (also known as galactaric acid, an glucaric acid enantiomer), one of the most promising bio-based platform chemicals, was systematically investigated in aqueous media over alumina, silica, or carbon-supported transition (nickel and nickel-molybdenum) or noble (platinum, ruthenium and rhodium) metals. Mucic acid was only converted into mucic-1,4-lactone under non-catalytic reaction conditions in N2 atmosphere, while the 5 MPa gaseous H2 addition triggers hydrogenation in the bulk phase, resulting in formation of galacturonic and galactonic acid. However, dehydroxylation, hydrogenation, decarbonylation, decarboxylation, and cyclization occurred during catalytic hydrotreatment, forming various partially and completely deoxygenated products with a chain length of 3–6 C atoms. Characterization results of tested catalysts were correlated with their activity and selectivity. Insufficient pore diameter of microporous supports completely hindered the mass transfer of reactants to the active sites, resulting in negligible conversion of mucic acid. A comprehensive reaction pathway network was proposed and several industrially interesting compounds were formed, including levulinic acid, furoic acid, and adipic acid. However, selectivity towards adipic acid, a bio-based nylon 6,6 precursor, was low (up to 5 mol%) in aqueous media and elevated temperatures.

INHIBITORS OF THE β-GLUCURONIDASE OF RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Esther Wong ◽  
R. J. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Michaelis Constant ◽  
Mucic Acid

As previously reported, rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing biosynthetic phenolphthalein mono-β-glucuronide. The effect of a number of inhibitors on cell-free preparations of this enzyme was studied. Many of the usual enzyme inhibitors were without effect, but certain dicarboxylic acids were strong inhibitors. These were (in order of activity): D-glucosaccharic acid, D-mucic acid, L-malic acid, mesotartaric acid, DL-malic acid, and L-tartaric acid. The nature of the inhibition was competitive. The Michaelis constant, Ks, was evaluated for phenolphthalein mono-β-glucuronide and values of Ki were estimated for glucosaccharic acid, mucic acid, DL-malic acid, and mesotartaric acid. Heparin in high concentration was slightly inhibitory, but the nature of the inhibition was noncompetitive. For each of the inhibitors studied, the extent of the inhibition was influenced by the hydrogen ion concen tration. At a pH greater than 4.5, the optimum for the enzyme under the conditions used, the degree of inhibition was less, and at a pH less than 4.5 the degree of inhibition was greater.

Microbial transformation of menthol and menthane-3,4-diol

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Shukla ◽  
R. C. Bartholomus ◽  
I. C. Gunsalus
Keyword(s):  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Microbial Transformation ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Related Compounds

A bacterium isolated from sewage by enrichment on (−)-menthol will use as sole source of carbon (−)-menthol and the related compounds, (−)-isopulegol, (+)-isomenthol, (±)-neomenthol, geraniol, and menthane-3,4-diol, but not (+)-menthol and (+)-isopulegol. Medium from (−)-menthol grown cells contains menthone, 3,7-dimethyl-6-hydroxyoctanoic acid, and 3,7-dimethyl-6-oxo-octanoic acid. Cell suspensions incubated with (−)-menthol yielded the same intermediates. Metabolism of menthane-3,4-diol by this bacterium yielded the same oxo acid plus 4-hydroxy-3-keto-p-menthane. A pathway is proposed for the oxidation of menthol and menthane-3,4-diol by this organism.

scholarly journals Closing bodies in the capsular fruits of Ruschioideae (Aizoaceae)—a review

Bothalia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
H. Kurzweil ◽  
P. Burgoyne
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Taxonomic Implications

Capsular fruits of the Mesembryanthema' are uniquely diverse and have been used to establish groupings within the tribe Ruschieae.The function, structure and development of the closing bodies of the Ruschioideae are reviewed from existing litrature and are supplemented by personal observations, providing a framework for future research aimed at resolving critical issues regarding the structure and taxonomic implications of the closing bodies of the Ruschioideae. The number of species per taxon, distribution and presence or absence of covering membranes and closing bodies within the Mesembryanthema are tabulated.

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