The soil environment and the suppression of saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 865-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Simon ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Soil Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Suppression ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Limed Soil ◽  
Conducive Soil

The effect of the soil environment on the transferable suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (pathogen suppression) was studied in a field soil acidified to pH 4.3 by annual treatment with ammonium sulphate for 9 years and in the same soil further amended with a single application of lime (pH 5.4). Pathogen suppression and the activity of Trichoderma spp. were greater when (i) the unlimed (pathogen-suppressive) soil was added at a rate of 1% (w/w) to the same soil treated with γ-radiation than when added at the same rate to the irradiated limed soil; (ii) the limed (pathogen-conducive) soil was added at 1% (w/w) to the irradiated unlimed soil than when added at the same rate to the irradiated limed soil. Pathogen suppression and the activity of Trichoderma spp. were increased in both soils with the addition of an antibacterial agent. The saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici was reduced in the unsterile pathogen-suppressive but not in the pathogen-conducive soil, following the addition of inoculum of T. koningii. It is proposed that both the abiotic and biotic environments of soil can influence the expression of transferable pathogen suppression which, in the soils tested, is related to the activity of Trichoderma spp.

Microbiological differences between soils suppressive and conducive of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 860-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Simon ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Suppressive Soil ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Suppression ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Annual Application

A soil acidified by ammonium sulphate following annual application of the fertilizer for 9 years was suppressive of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil (pathogen suppressive). The same soil amended with lime was pathogen conducive. In natural field soil microbial respiration and the 'total' number of aerobic microorganisms were greater in the conducive than in the suppressive soil. In a soil-sandwich bioassay of the transferable suppression of saprophytic growth of the pathogen there were higher numbers of 'total' aerobic microorganisms, fluorescent pseudomonads, and Gram-negative organisms, but lower numbers of filamentous fungi and yeasts in the conducive than in the suppressive soil. It was estimated that Trichoderma spp. made up 71 and 34% of the total numbers of fungi counted in the suppressive and conducive soils, respectively. It is proposed that Trichoderma spp. played a major role in the transferable pathogen suppression in the suppressive soil.

scholarly journals In vitro Antagonistic Mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. and Talaromyces flavus to Control Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici the Causal Agent of Wheat Take-all Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Seddighe Mohammadi ◽  
Leila Ghanbari
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Talaromyces Flavus ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Wheat take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici has recently been detected in different regions of Iran. With respect to biocontrol effect of Trichoderma spp. on many pathogenic fungi, seven isolates of Trichoderma and four isolates of Talaromyces were in vitro evaluated in terms of their biological control against the disease causal agent. In dual culture test the five isolates showed efficient competition for colonization against pathogenic fungus and the highest percentages of inhibition belonging to Talaromyces flavus 60 and Talaromyces flavus 136 were 59.52 and 57.61%, respectively. Microscopic investigations showed that in regions where antagonistic isolates and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici coincide, hyphal contact, penetration and fragmentation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were observed. Investigating the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds at 10 ml concentration showed that the highest inhibition percentage on mycelium growth of the pathogen caused by T. harzianum (44.76%) and T. longibrachiatum (52.38%) respectively.

Biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Simon ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam ◽  
G. C. MacNish
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Filter Membrane ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

The biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil in the absence of host roots appeared to be related to suppression of take-all disease of wheat seedlings. When soil collected from a plot which in 1984 and 1985 had grown wheat continuously for 7 and 8 years, respectively, was added at a level of 1% (w/w) to the same soil treated by γ-radiation, saprophytic growth of pigmented hyphae of G. graminis var. tritici on a filter membrane in a soil sandwich was suppressed relative to that occurring in irradiated soil. A soil of the same type from an adjacent area with a history of cereal–pasture alternate rotation did not significantly suppress saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici. Biological suppression of disease of wheat caused by G. graminis var. tritici was tested in a pot bioassay by adding the same two soils, collected in 1985, at a level of 1% (w/w) to fumigated sand infested with oat kernels axenically colonized by the pathogen. Disease severity, measured as the percentage of the seminal root axes with discoloured stele, was reduced by 42 and 6% with the addition of continuous wheat and cereal–pasture rotation soils, respectively, to infested sand, compared with disease severity in unamended, infested sand alone.

Interactions among Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Trichoderma koningii, and soil bacteria

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 871-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Simon ◽  
K. Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Suppressive Soil ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Conducive Soil

Interactions among Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Trichoderma koningii, and soil bacteria were studied in vitro and in soils suppressive and conducive of the saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici. Fifty-four percent of bacteria isolated from the suppressive soil and 10% from the conducive soil were antagonistic to G. graminis var. tritici in vitro. The reduction in the growth of T. koningii in vitro by metabolite(s) produced in pure culture by soil bacteria was 14 and 28% for the bacteria isolated from the suppressive and conducive soil, respectively. Metabolite(s) produced by T. koningii in pure culture inhibited the growth in vitro of 8 and 65% of the bacteria isolated from the suppressive and conducive soils, respectively. All isolates of Trichoderma tested produced metabolite(s) that inhibited growth of G. graminis var. tritici in pure culture. The metabolite(s) produced by one isolate of T. koningii inhibited growth of all isolates of Trichoderma in vitro. Trichoderma koningii suppressed saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici in irradiated conducive soil in the absence but not in the presence of bacteria isolated from the same soil. The results suggest that the suppressive soil may be more suppressive of the saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici and less suppressive of the growth of T. koningii than the conducive soil.

scholarly journals A Dieldrin Case Study: Another Evidence of an Obsolete Substance in the European Soil Environment

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Petros Tsiantas ◽  
Evangelia N. Tzanetou ◽  
Helen Karasali ◽  
Konstantinos M. Kasiotis
Keyword(s):  
Active Substance ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Environmental Concentration ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Potential Use

Soil constitutes a central environmental compartment that, due to natural and anthropogenic activities, is a recipient of several contaminants. Among them, organochlorine pesticides are of major concern, even though they have been banned decades ago in the European Union, due to their persistence and the health effects they can elicit. In the presented work, a gas chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (GC-MS/MS) developed method was applied to soil samples after the suspected and potential use of formulations containing organochlorine active substance. One soil sample was positive to dieldrin at 0.018 mg kg−1. Predicted environmental concentration in soil (PECsoil) considering a single application of this active substance potentially attributed the finding in its past use. The subsequent health risk assessment showed negligible non-carcinogenic risk and tolerable carcinogenic risk. The latter signifies that repetitive and prolonged sampling can unveil the pragmatic projection of persistent chemicals’ residues in the soil.

scholarly journals Detection of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici in Wheat Stubble

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish
Keyword(s):  
Visual Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici

Two methods (visual assessment and a bioassay) of detecting the presence of G. graminis var. tritici in wheat stubble were compared. Of the stubble visually assessed as infected, only 4 % was not confirmed as infected by the bioassay. On the other hand, the bioassay showed that 41 % of the stubble visually assessed as free of infection was incorrectly assigned.

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization, and Sensitivity to 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol of Isolates of Phialophora spp. from Washington Wheat Fields

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youn-Sig Kwak ◽  
Peter A. H. M. Bakker ◽  
Debora C. M. Glandorf ◽  
Jennifer T. Rice ◽  
Timothy C. Paulitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Comparison ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Dark pigmented fungi of the Gaeumannomyces–Phialophora complex were isolated from the roots of wheat grown in fields in eastern Washington State. These fungi were identified as Phialophora spp. on the basis of morphological and genetic characteristics. The isolates produced lobed hyphopodia on wheat coleoptiles, phialides, and hyaline phialospores. Sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that the Phialophora isolates were clearly separated from other Gaeumannomyces spp. Primers AV1 and AV3 amplified 1.3-kb portions of an avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora isolates. Phylogenetic trees of the avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora spp. also clearly separated them from other Gaeumannomyces spp. The Phialophora isolates were moderately virulent on wheat and barley and produced confined black lesions on the roots of wild oat and two oat cultivars. Among isolates tested for their sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), the 90% effective dose values were 11.9 to 48.2 μg ml–1. A representative Phialophora isolate reduced the severity of take-all on wheat caused by two different isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of an avenacinase-like gene in Phialophora spp. and demonstrated that the fungus is significantly less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG than G. graminis var. tritici.

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Root Death ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Abstract A description is provided for Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae, especially Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Agropyron and several other grass genera and, more rarely, Sorghum and Zea; also recorded from the roots of plants in other families. DISEASE: Take-all of cereals and grasses (also referred to as deadheads or whiteheads, pietin and pied noir (France), Schwarzbeinigkeit and Ophiobolus Fusskrankheit (Germany), Ophiobolusvoetziekt (Netherlands) and others). Root infection is favoured by soil temperature from 12-20°C (Butler, 1961). Ascospore germ tubes penetrate root hairs and the epidermis in the meristematic region (Weste, 1972) leading to plugging of xylem and root death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (CMI Map 334, ed. 3, 1972). Widespread, especially in temperate zones. Africa; Asia (India, Iran, Japan, USSR): Australasia and Oceania; Europe; North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments, as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses and, under special conditions, by ascospores. Seed transmission very doubtful (47, 3058).

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