Dialysis culture for the production of Pseudomonas saccharophila α-amylase

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 952-955
Author(s):  
Sunil K. Kadam ◽  
William M. Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dialysis Culture ◽  
Pseudomonas Saccharophila

Growth and α-amylase synthesis of Pseudomonas saccharophila was shown to be inhibited by the accumulation of a mixture of nonvolatile fatty acids during nondialysis cultivation. Using dialysis culture a 9-fold increase in the level of biomass and an 8.5-fold increase in α-amylase yield was achieved.

scholarly journals Up-regulation of the expression of the gene for liver fatty acid-binding protein by long-chain fatty acids

1996 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire MEUNIER-DURMORT ◽  
Hélène POIRIER ◽  
Isabelle NIOT ◽  
Claude FOREST ◽  
Philippe BESNARD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Protein ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Liver Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Acid Binding Protein ◽  
Fabp Gene ◽  
Long Chain

The role of fatty acids in the expression of the gene for liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) was investigated in the well-differentiated FAO rat hepatoma cell line. Cells were maintained in serum-free medium containing 40 µM BSA/320 µM oleate. Western blot analysis showed that oleate triggered an approx. 4-fold increase in the cytosolic L-FABP level in 16 h. Oleate specifically stimulated L-FABP mRNA in time-dependent and dose-dependent manners with a maximum 7-fold increase at 16 h in FAO cells. Preincubation of FAO cells with cycloheximide prevented the oleate-mediated induction of L-FABP mRNA, showing that protein synthesis was required for the action of fatty acids. Run-on transcription assays demonstrated that the control of L-FABP gene expression by oleate was, at least in part, transcriptional. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were similarly potent whereas octanoic acid was inefficient. This regulation was also found in normal hepatocytes. Therefore long-chain fatty acids are strong inducers of L-FABP gene expression. FAO cells constitute a useful tool for studying the underlying mechanism of fatty acid action.

scholarly journals The profile of plasma non-esterified fatty acids in children with different terms of type 1 diabetes mellitus

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Akmurzina ◽  
E.E. Petryairina ◽  
S.V. Saveliev ◽  
A.A. Selishcheva
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

Composition and quantitative content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were investigated in plasma samples of healthy children (12) and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) (31) by gas chromatography (GC) after preliminary NEFA solid-phase extraction from plasma lipids. There was a significant (p<0.001) 1.6-fold increase in the total level of NEFA regardless of the disease duration. In the group of DM1 children with the disease period less than 1 year there was an increase in the arachidonic acid (20:4) content (30%) and the oleic acid trans-isomer (18:1) content (82%), and also a decrease in the docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n3) content (26% ) and the docosapentaenoic acids (22:5 n-6) content (60%). In the group of DM1 children with prolonged course of this disease the altered NEFA levels returned to the normal level

scholarly journals Atlantic salmon require long-chain n-3 fatty acids for optimal growth throughout the seawater period

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grethe Rosenlund ◽  
Bente E. Torstensen ◽  
Ingunn Stubhaug ◽  
Nafiha Usman ◽  
Nini H. Sissener
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractThe nutritional requirement for n-3 long-chain PUFA in fast-growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during grow out in the sea is not well documented. Diets were formulated with levels of EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) ranging from 1·3 to 7·4 % of fatty acids (4–24 g/kg feed). Two long-term trials were conducted through the seawater phase, the first at 6 and 12°C, and the second at 12°C. In the first trial, growth at both temperatures was significantly lower in fish fed 1·4 % EPA+DHA of total fatty acids compared with the 5·2 % EPA+DHA group. In the second trial, growth was significantly lower in fish fed 1·3 and 2·7 % compared with 4·4 and 7·4 % EPA + DHA. Fatty acid composition in the fish reflected diet composition, but only after a 7-fold increase in body weight did the fatty acid profile of the fish stabilise according to dietary fatty acids (shown for EPA and DHA). The retention efficiency of DHA increased with decreasing dietary levels, and was 120–190 and 120–200 % in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The retention efficiency of EPA was lower (60–200 %), and values >100 % were only achieved at the lowest dietary levels in both trials. Temperature did not affect fatty acid retention efficiency. These results suggest that Atlantic salmon have a specific requirement for EPA + DHA >2·7 % of fatty acids for optimal long-term growth in seawater, and that short-term growth trials with less weight increase would not show these effects.

scholarly journals Studies of the long-term regulation of hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

1998 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mary SUGDEN ◽  
G. D. Lee FRYER ◽  
A. Karen ORFALI ◽  
A. David PRIESTMAN ◽  
Elaine DONALD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration

The administration of a low-carbohydrate/high-saturated-fat (LC/HF) diet for 28 days or starvation for 48 h both increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) activity in extracts of rat hepatic mitochondria, by approx. 2.1-fold and 3.5-fold respectively. ELISAs of extracts of hepatic mitochondria, conducted over a range of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities, revealed that mitochondrial immunoreactive PDHKII (the major PDHK isoform in rat liver) was significantly increased by approx. 1.4-fold after 28 days of LC/HF feeding and by approx. 2-fold after 48 h of starvation. The effect of LC/HF feeding to increase hepatic PDHK activity was retained through hepatocyte preparation, but was decreased on 21 h culture with insulin (100μ-i.u./ml). A sustained (24 h) 2-4-fold elevation in plasma insulin concentration in vivo (achieved by insulin infusion via an osmotic pump) suppressed the effect of LC/HF feeding so that hepatic PDHK activities did not differ significantly from those of (insulin-infused) control rats. The increase in hepatic PDHK activity evoked by 28 days of LC/HF feeding was prevented and reversed (within 24 h) by the replacement of 7% of the dietary lipid with long-chain ω-3 fatty acids. Analysis of hepatic membrane lipid revealed a 1.9-fold increase in the ratio of total polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids to total mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that the increased hepatic PDHK activities observed in livers of LC/HF-fed or 48 h-starved rats are associated with long-term actions to increase hepatic PDHKII concentrations. The long-term regulation of hepatic PDHK by LC/HF feeding might be achieved through an impaired action of insulin to suppress PDHK activity. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the diet, rather than the fat content, is a key influence.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary coconut oil on fatty acid oxidation capacity of the liver, the heart and skeletal muscles in the preruminant calf

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Piot ◽  
Jean-François Hocquette ◽  
Jacques H. Veerkamp ◽  
Denys Durand ◽  
Dominique Bauchart
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Total Oxidation ◽  
Fresh Tissue

The oxidative capacity of the liver, the heart and skeletal muscles for fatty acids were investigated in preruminant calves fed for 19 d on a milk-replacer containing either coconut oil (CO, rich in 12:0) or tallow (rich in 16:0 and 18:1). Weights of the total body and tissues did not differ significantly between the two groups of animals but plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in the CO group. Feeding on the CO diet induced an 18-fold increase in the hepatic concentration of triacylglycerols. Rates of total and peroxisomal oxidation of [1-14C]laurate, [1-14C]palmitate and [1-14C]oleate were measured in fresh tissue homogenates. Higher rates of total oxidation in liver homogenate and of peroxisomal oxidation in liver, heart and rectus abdominis muscle homogenates were observed with laurate used as substrate. Furthermore, the relative contribution of peroxisomes to total oxidation was 1·9-fold higher in the liver and in the heart with laurate than with oleate or palmitate. Finally, the peroxisomal oxidation rate of oleate was 1·5-fold higher in the hearts of calves fed on the CO diet. Whatever the tissue, citrate synthase (CS, EC 4.1.3.7) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX, EC 1.9.3.1) activities were similar between the two groups of calves but the COX : CS activity ratio was lower in the liver of the CO group. In conclusion, laurate is better catabolized by peroxisomes than long-chain fatty acids, especially in the liver. Elongation of lauric acid after partial oxidation might explain the hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in calves fed on the CO diet.

Altered Free Fatty Acid Levels in Fresh or Canned Mutton as Indicators of Spoilage

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. VASUNDHARA ◽  
K. V. KUMUDAVALLY ◽  
T. R. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Chromatographic Profiles

Chromatographic profiles of neutral lipids from canned mutton products can indicate the presence of spoiled meat presterilization, particularly from changes in free fatty acid levels. Gas liquid chromatography analysis of free fatty acids of lean meat showed a 15-fold increase in palmitic, stearic and oleic acid contents as a result of canning spoiled meat when compared to insignificant increases in canned fresh meat.

scholarly journals Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Responsive Genes in the Juvenile Rat Cerebellum

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Mehus ◽  
Aaron Dickey ◽  
Timothy Smith ◽  
Kathleen Yeater ◽  
Matthew Picklo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Rat Cerebellum ◽  
Normalization Methods ◽  
Docosatetraenoic Acid ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence postnatal brain growth and development. However, little data exist regarding the impacts of dietary n-3 PUFA in juvenile animals post weaning, which is a time of rapid growth. We tested the hypothesis that depleting dietary n-3 PUFA would result in modifications to the cerebellar transcriptome of juvenile rats. To test this hypothesis, three week old male rats (an age that roughly corresponds to an 11 month old child in brain development) were fed diets containing either soybean oil (SO) providing 1.1% energy from α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3; ALA-sufficient) or corn oil (CO) providing 0.13% energy from ALA (ALA-deficient) for four weeks. Fatty acids (FAs) in the cerebellum were analyzed and revealed a 4-fold increase in n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n-6), increases in arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA; 22:4n-6), but no decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), in animals fed CO versus SO. Transcript abundance was then characterized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two diets. Upper quartile (UQ) scaling and transcripts per million (TPM) data normalization identified 100 and 107 DEGs, respectively. Comparison of DEGs from the two normalization methods identified 70 genes that overlapped, with 90% having abundance differences less than 2-fold. Nr4a3, a transcriptional activator that plays roles in neuroprotection and learning, was elevated over 2-fold from the CO diet. These data indicate that expression of Nr4a3 in the juvenile rat cerebellum is responsive to dietary n-3 PUFA, but additional studies are needed clarify the neurodevelopmental relationships between n-3 PUFA and Nr4a3 and the resulting impacts.

The fatty acid composition of the conidia and mycelia of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Evans ◽  
Michael A. Moclock ◽  
Michael A. Gealt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Disappearance

The total fatty acids were characterized from conidia, exponential phase, and stationary phase Aspergillus nidulans. Several quantitative and qualitative variations were observed. Most notable was the approximately 15-fold increase in linolenate observed during the 1st day of incubation and its subsequent total disappearance by day 4.

Factors affecting the deterioration of stored flaxseed including the potential of insect infestation

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. G. White ◽  
D. S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Group A ◽  
Insect Reproduction ◽  
Ground Flaxseed

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L. 'McGregor') stored at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C and 35, 50, 60, and 70% relative humidity (RH) for up to 12 mo deteriorated in quality in < 1–3 mo at the two highest temperatures, although the seed was stored "dry" (≤ 10% moisture content, MC). Initial fatty acid values (FAV) of 41.1 mg KOH 100 g−1 dry seed (0.51% free fatty acids in oil) rarely increased more than 1.5-fold over 12 mo at 10 or 20 °C and up to 10% MC, or at 30 °C and 7 to 8% MC. Using FAV as a storage quality-loss criterion, flaxseed at 8–9% MC could be stored for 6 mo at 30 °C, 1–2 mo at 40 °C, or a few weeks at 50 °C with less than a 1.5-fold increase. A twofold increase in FAV was correlated to a discoloured or charred appearance of seeds and a rapid loss in seed germination. Seed germination did not decrease during 12 mo at 10 or 20 °C and 70% RH, or at 30 °C and 60% RH. The fungi Aspergillus glaucus group, A. candidus Link, and Penicillium spp. infected seed at some temperatures and relative humidities with low frequency by 6 mo, and A. flavus Link also occurred at 12 mo. Visible microflora were absent after 6 mo on seed at 40 and 50 °C. The beetles Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), O. surinamensis L., Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and T. confusum J. duVal survived and produced some larvae on both whole and ground flaxseed in 2 mo. McGregor was slightly more suitable for insect reproduction than NorMan or NorLin. Five other insect species could not survive. Extensive infestation of flaxseed by stored-product insects is unlikely. Key words: Flaxseed, storage, free fatty acids, germination, microflora, insects

scholarly journals Rational Engineering of Hydratase from Lactobacillus Acidophilus Reveals Critical Residues Directing Substrate Specificity and Regioselectivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Engin Eser ◽  
Michal Poborsky ◽  
Rongrong Dai ◽  
Shigenobu Kishino ◽  
Anita Ljubic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Active Site Residues ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Preparative Scale ◽  
Conversion Rates

<div>Enzymatic conversion of abundant fatty acids (FAs) through fatty acid hydratases (FAHs) presents an environment-friendly and efficient route for production of high-value hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs). However, a limited diversity was achieved among HFAs to date with respect to chain length and hydroxy group position, due to high substrate- and regio-selectivity of hydratases. In this study, we compared two highly similar FAHs from <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>: FA-HY2 has narrow substrate scope and strict regioselectivity, whereas FA-HY1 utilize longer chain substrates and hydrate various double bond positions. We reveal three active-site residues that play remarkable role in directing substrate specificity and regioselectivity of hydration. When these residues on FA-HY2 are mutated to the corresponding residues in FA-HY1, we observe a significant expansion of substrate scope and distinct shift and enhancement in hydration of double bonds towards omega-end of FAs. A three-residue mutant of FA-HY2 (TM-FA-HY2; T391S/H393S/I378P) displayed an impressive reversal of regioselectivity towards linoleic acid, shifting ratio of the HFA product regioisomers (10-OH:13-OH) from 99:1 to 12:88. Although kcat values are still low in comparison to wild-type FA-HY1, TM-FA-HY2 exhibited about 60-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (<i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>) compared to wild-type FA-HY2. Important changes in regioselectivity were also observed with mutant enzymes for arachidonic acid and C18 PUFAs. In addition, TM-FA-HY2 variant exhibited high conversion rates for <i>cis</i>-5, <i>cis</i>-8, <i>cis</i>-11,<i> cis</i>-14, <i>cis</i>-17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and <i>cis</i>-8, <i>cis</i>-11, <i>cis</i>-14-eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) at preparative scale and enabled isolation of 12-hydroxy products with moderate yields. Furthermore, we demonstrated the potential of microalgae as a source of diverse FAs for HFA production. Our study paves the way for tailor-made FAH design and for efficient conversion of FA sources into diverse range of HFAs with high potential for various applications from polymer industry to medical field.</div><div><br></div>

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