Factors affecting the deterioration of stored flaxseed including the potential of insect infestation

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. G. White ◽  
D. S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Group A ◽  
Insect Reproduction ◽  
Ground Flaxseed

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L. 'McGregor') stored at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C and 35, 50, 60, and 70% relative humidity (RH) for up to 12 mo deteriorated in quality in < 1–3 mo at the two highest temperatures, although the seed was stored "dry" (≤ 10% moisture content, MC). Initial fatty acid values (FAV) of 41.1 mg KOH 100 g−1 dry seed (0.51% free fatty acids in oil) rarely increased more than 1.5-fold over 12 mo at 10 or 20 °C and up to 10% MC, or at 30 °C and 7 to 8% MC. Using FAV as a storage quality-loss criterion, flaxseed at 8–9% MC could be stored for 6 mo at 30 °C, 1–2 mo at 40 °C, or a few weeks at 50 °C with less than a 1.5-fold increase. A twofold increase in FAV was correlated to a discoloured or charred appearance of seeds and a rapid loss in seed germination. Seed germination did not decrease during 12 mo at 10 or 20 °C and 70% RH, or at 30 °C and 60% RH. The fungi Aspergillus glaucus group, A. candidus Link, and Penicillium spp. infected seed at some temperatures and relative humidities with low frequency by 6 mo, and A. flavus Link also occurred at 12 mo. Visible microflora were absent after 6 mo on seed at 40 and 50 °C. The beetles Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), O. surinamensis L., Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and T. confusum J. duVal survived and produced some larvae on both whole and ground flaxseed in 2 mo. McGregor was slightly more suitable for insect reproduction than NorMan or NorLin. Five other insect species could not survive. Extensive infestation of flaxseed by stored-product insects is unlikely. Key words: Flaxseed, storage, free fatty acids, germination, microflora, insects

Factors Affecting Plasma Free Fatty Acids Rise during Hemodialysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mingardi ◽  
E. Branca ◽  
M. Cini ◽  
A.M. Codegoni ◽  
G. Mecca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Unknown Mechanism ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Acute Changes

We studied the mechanisms responsible for causing acute changes in plasma lipids during hemodialysis. Dialysis decreased plasma triglycerides to the same extent as when heparin was given without dialysis. Cholesterol increased in proportion to hemoconcentration. Plasma free fatty acids (FFA) levels were also increased, but more so than with heparin alone. Glucose and acetate did not play a role, nor did carnitine loss, and hemofiltration elicited similar effects. The rise in plasma FFA is therefore likely to be caused by other as yet unknown mechanism.

scholarly journals Lipid-induced insulin resistance does not impair insulin access to skeletal muscle

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (11) ◽  
pp. E1001-E1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathryn M. Kolka ◽  
Joyce M. Richey ◽  
Ana Valeria B. Castro ◽  
Josiane L. Broussard ◽  
Viorica Ionut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Lipid Infusion ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Induce Insulin Resistance

Elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA) induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Previously, we have shown that experimental insulin resistance induced by lipid infusion prevents the dispersion of insulin through the muscle, and we hypothesized that this would lead to an impairment of insulin moving from the plasma to the muscle interstitium. Thus, we infused lipid into our anesthetized canine model and measured the appearance of insulin in the lymph as a means to sample muscle interstitium under hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp conditions. Although lipid infusion lowered the glucose infusion rate and induced both peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance, we were unable to detect an impairment of insulin access to the lymph. Interestingly, despite a significant, 10-fold increase in plasma FFA, we detected little to no increase in free fatty acids or triglycerides in the lymph after lipid infusion. Thus, we conclude that experimental insulin resistance induced by lipid infusion does not reduce insulin access to skeletal muscle under clamp conditions. This would suggest that the peripheral insulin resistance is likely due to reduced cellular sensitivity to insulin in this model, and yet we did not detect a change in the tissue microenvironment that could contribute to cellular insulin resistance.

Microfloral infection and quality deterioration of sunflower seeds as affected by temperature and moisture content during storage and the suitability of the seeds for insect or mite infestation

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. G. White ◽  
D. S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Ground Seed

Sunflower seed, cultivar Interstate 7111, was stored at 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C and 35, 45, 55, and 75% RH for up to 12 mo. At 75% RH fungal growth was extensive and free fatty acids (FFA) increased rapidly under all temperature regimes. Based on a threefold increase in FFA (1.5%) seed can be stored for 12 mo: at 6% moisture content (MC) and 30 °C; 7% MC and 20 °C; or 8% MC and 10 °C. Seed germination remained above 80% for 12 mo at 10 and 20 °C and 35, 45, and 55% RH; it declined to 70% at 30 °C and 45% RH, but at 55% RH it fell to 30% at 6 mo and 0% at 12 mo. Seed germination decreased rapidly at 40 °C. The incidence of microfloral infection by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. directly affected increased FFA, decreased germination, and infection was frequent at > 75% RH and different fungal species predominated at different temperatures. Eight species of stored-product beetles and one species of mite were placed on whole sunflower seed, ground seed, shells, or seed meat. Only Oryzaephilus surinamensis, O. mercator, Tribolium castaneum, and T. confusum multiplied appreciably in 2 mo, mainly on ground seed or seed meat. The Oryzaephilus spp. multiplied as much on sunflower seed as on ground wheat controls. Infestation of sunflower seeds by these pests is likely. Key words: Sunflower seed, storage, free fatty acids, germination, fungi, Insecta, Acari

Evaluation of thioesterases from Acinetobacter baylyi for production of free fatty acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Ukey ◽  
William E. Holmes ◽  
Rakesh Bajpai ◽  
Andrei Y. Chistoserdov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Acinetobacter Baylyi ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Ester Biosynthesis

Acinetobacter baylyi is one of few Gram-negative bacteria capable of accumulating storage lipids in the form of triacylglycerides and wax esters, which makes it an attractive candidate for production of lipophilic products, including biofuel precursors. Thioesterases play a significant dual role in the triacylglyceride and wax ester biosynthesis by either providing or removing acyl-CoA from this pathway. Therefore, 4 different thioesterase genes were cloned from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 and expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate their contribution to free fatty acids (FFAs) accumulation. Overexpression of the genes tesA′ (a leaderless form of the gene tesA) and tesC resulted in increased accumulation of FFAs when compared with the host E. coli strain. Overexpression of tesA′ showed a 1.87-fold increase in production of long-chain fatty acids (C16 to C18) over the host strain. Unlike TesC and the other investigated thioesterases, the TesA′ thioesterase also produced shorter chain FFAs (e.g., myristic acid) and unsaturated FFAs (e.g., cis-vaccenic acid (18:1Δ11)). A comparison of the remaining 3 A. baylyi ADP1 thioesterases (encoded by the tesB, tesC, and tesD genes) revealed that only the strain containing the tesC gene produced statistically higher levels of FFAs over the control, suggesting that it possesses the acyl-ACP thioesterase activity. Both E. coli strains containing the tesB and tesD genes produced levels of FFAs similar to those of the plasmid-free control E. coli strain, which indicates that TesB and TesD lack the acyl-ACP thioesterase activity.

scholarly journals Leptin controls the fate of fatty acids in isolated rat white adipocytes

2002 ◽  
Vol 175 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
RB Ceddia ◽  
R Curi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
Isolated Rat

Leptin directly increases the rate of exogenous glucose and fatty acids oxidation in isolated adipocytes. However, the effects of leptin on fatty acid metabolism in white adipose tIssue have not been examined in detail. Here, we report that in adipocytes incubated for 6 h in the presence of leptin (10 ng/ml), the insulin-stimulated de novo fatty acid synthesis was inhibited by 36% (P<0.05), while the exogenous oxidation of acetic and oleic acids was increased by 50% and 76% respectively. Interestingly, leptin did not alter the oxidation of intracellular fatty acids. Leptin-incubated cells presented a 16-fold increase in the incorporation of oleic acid into triglyceride (TG) and a 123% increase in the intracellular TG hydrolysis (as measured by free fatty acids release). Fatty acid-TG cycling was not affected by leptin. By employing fatty acids radiolabeled with (3)H and (14)C, we could determine the concomitant influx of fatty acids (incorporation of fatty acids into TG) and efflux of fatty acids (intracellular fatty acids oxidation and free fatty acids release) in the incubated cells. Leptin increased by 30% the net efflux of fatty acids from adipocytes. We conclude that leptin directly inhibits de novo synthesis of fatty acids and increases the release and oxidation of fatty acids in isolated rat adipocytes. These direct energy-dissipating effects of leptin may play an important role in reducing accumulation of fatty acids into TG of rat adipose cells.

Vasopressin stimulates the mobilization and metabolism of triacylglycerol in perfused rabbit hearts

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. H604-H612 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Palazzo ◽  
K. U. Malik ◽  
M. T. Weis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Rabbit Heart ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Triacylglycerol Metabolism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Residual Radioactivity ◽  
V2 Receptor ◽  
Stress States

Vasopressin stimulates several metabolic processes, including glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation, and promotes lipolysis in rabbit and hamster suprarenal adipose tissue. This study was conducted to determine whether arginine vasopressin (AVP) stimulates the metabolism of triacylglycerols in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Since the basal output of glycerol in the rabbit heart is very low, the triacylglycerol pool was labeled with [3H]triolein, and triacylglycerol metabolism was followed by analysis of the radioactive products in the perfusate. Administration of AVP (100 ng, 92 pmol) produced a 10-fold increase in the perfusate radioactivity associated with free fatty acids and mono- and diglycerides, as well as an 8-fold increase in the effluent radioactivity associated with triacylglycerol. The V1-receptor antagonist d[(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP blocked the AVP-induced increase in the output of radioactivity in a dose-related manner. The V2-receptor agonist desmopressin (DDAVP) did not increase the outflow of radioactivity. Likewise, AVP-induced release of radioactivity was inhibited when Ca2+ was omitted from the perfusion buffer. Analysis of total lipid extracts of hearts labeled with [3H]triolein showed that the residual radioactivity was associated almost exclusively with authentic triolein both before and after AVP treatment. These data suggest that AVP promotes triacylglycerol mobilization and utilization and that these processes are Ca2+ dependent and mediated by the V1-receptor. Since free fatty acids derived from triacylglycerols are the preferred metabolic substrate for the heart and since plasma AVP levels increase in cardiac stress states such as shock, these findings suggest a metabolic function of AVP in cardiovascular stress states.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and group A, B, C, and G streptococci to free fatty acids

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-335
Author(s):  
P B Heczko ◽  
R Lütticken ◽  
W Hryniewicz ◽  
M Neugebauer ◽  
G Pulverer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dienoic Acid ◽  
Dodecanoic Acid ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Group A

The susceptibility of 242 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 117 strains of streptococci of groups A, B, C, and G to decanoic, dodecanoic, octadeca-9,12-dienoic, and octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acids was estimated by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations. S. aureus strains appeared to be generally less susceptible to all four fatty acids than streptococcal strains of all groups. Dodecanoic acid was the most inhibitory fatty acid against both staphylococci and streptococci. Both saturated fatty acids used were more active than the unsaturated acids. Among the unsaturated acids, octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid appeared to be more inhibitory for Staphylococcus and Streptococcus strains than octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid. No differences in susceptibility to fatty acids among staphylococcal and streptococcal strains isolated from skin, throat, or other sites were found.

scholarly journals The metabolism and role of free fatty acids in key physiological processes in insects of medical, veterinary and forensic importance

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12563
Author(s):  
Agata Kaczmarek ◽  
Mieczysława Boguś
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Maggot Therapy ◽  
Insect Reproduction

Insects are the most widespread group of organisms and more than one million species have been described. These animals have significant ecological functions, for example they are pollinators of many types of plants. However, they also have direct influence on human life in different manners. They have high medical and veterinary significance, stemming from their role as vectors of disease and infection of wounds and necrotic tissue; they are also plant pests, parasitoids and predators whose activities can influence agriculture. In addition, their use in medical treatments, such as maggot therapy of gangrene and wounds, has grown considerably. They also have many uses in forensic science to determine the minimum post-mortem interval and provide valuable information about the movement of the body, cause of the death, drug use, or poisoning. It has also been proposed that they may be used as model organisms to replace mammal systems in research. The present review describes the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in key physiological processes in insects. By focusing on insects of medical, veterinary significance, we have limited our description of the physiological processes to those most important from the point of view of insect control; the study examines their effects on insect reproduction and resistance to the adverse effects of abiotic (low temperature) and biotic (pathogens) factors.

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