scholarly journals Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Responsive Genes in the Juvenile Rat Cerebellum

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Mehus ◽  
Aaron Dickey ◽  
Timothy Smith ◽  
Kathleen Yeater ◽  
Matthew Picklo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Rat Cerebellum ◽  
Normalization Methods ◽  
Docosatetraenoic Acid ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence postnatal brain growth and development. However, little data exist regarding the impacts of dietary n-3 PUFA in juvenile animals post weaning, which is a time of rapid growth. We tested the hypothesis that depleting dietary n-3 PUFA would result in modifications to the cerebellar transcriptome of juvenile rats. To test this hypothesis, three week old male rats (an age that roughly corresponds to an 11 month old child in brain development) were fed diets containing either soybean oil (SO) providing 1.1% energy from α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3; ALA-sufficient) or corn oil (CO) providing 0.13% energy from ALA (ALA-deficient) for four weeks. Fatty acids (FAs) in the cerebellum were analyzed and revealed a 4-fold increase in n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n-6), increases in arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA; 22:4n-6), but no decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), in animals fed CO versus SO. Transcript abundance was then characterized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two diets. Upper quartile (UQ) scaling and transcripts per million (TPM) data normalization identified 100 and 107 DEGs, respectively. Comparison of DEGs from the two normalization methods identified 70 genes that overlapped, with 90% having abundance differences less than 2-fold. Nr4a3, a transcriptional activator that plays roles in neuroprotection and learning, was elevated over 2-fold from the CO diet. These data indicate that expression of Nr4a3 in the juvenile rat cerebellum is responsive to dietary n-3 PUFA, but additional studies are needed clarify the neurodevelopmental relationships between n-3 PUFA and Nr4a3 and the resulting impacts.

Glucagon, insulin, and gluconeogenesis in fasted odd carbon fatty acid-enriched rats

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
FX Pi-Sunyer ◽  
JM Conway ◽  
M Lavau ◽  
G Campbell ◽  
AB Eisenstein
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Carbon Fatty Acid ◽  
Experimental Group

Forty-eight male rats were fed a nutritionally complete diet containing 30% of dietary energy as fat. For 24 animals (control) the fat source was corn oil, for the remaining 24 rats (experimental) the fat source was a triundecanoin-corn oil mixture (7:3, wt/wt). After 6 wk, groups of control and experimental rats were killed after 0, 24, and 48 h of fasting. In the experimental group, adipose tissue fatty acids contained, on average, 280 mmol undecanoate/mol fatty acid. In the control group, no odd-numbered fatty acids were present. During fasting, the experimental groups had higher plasma glucose and alanine levels, higher plasma insulin-to-glucagon ration, and lower liver phosphenol pyruvate caboxykinase. The results suggest that the terminal propionate residues generated when odd carbon fatty acids are oxidized become gluconeogenic precursors and cause a reduced need for gluconeogenesis from protein.

scholarly journals Heterologous Reconstitution of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids inArabidopsis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Hee Kim ◽  
Kyung Hee Roh ◽  
Jong-Sug Park ◽  
Kwang-Soo Kim ◽  
Hyun Uk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Stearidonic Acid ◽  
Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Endogenous Fatty Acid ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Sustainable System ◽  
Docosatetraenoic Acid

Reconstitution of nonnative, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) biosynthetic pathways inArabidopsis thalianawas undertaken. The introduction of three primary biosynthetic activities to cells requires the stable coexpression of multiple proteins within the same cell. Herein, we report that C22VLC-PUFAs were synthesized from C18precursors by reactions catalyzed byΔ6-desaturase, an ELOVL5-like enzyme involved in VLC-PUFA elongation, andΔ5-desaturase. Coexpression of the corresponding genes (McD6DES, AsELOVL5, andPtD5DES) under the control of the seed-specific vicilin promoter resulted in production of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) inArabidopsisseeds. The contributions of the transgenic enzymes and endogenous fatty acid metabolism were determined. Specifically, the reasonable synthesis of omega-3 stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) could be a useful tool to obtain a sustainable system for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in seeds of a transgenic T3 line 63-1. The results indicated that coexpression of the three proteins was stable. Therefore, this study suggests that metabolic engineering of oilseed crops to produce VLC-PUFAs is feasible.

THE GROWTH-RETARDING EFFECT OF ERUCIC ACID AND ITS RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 731-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Acid Diet ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Young male rats fed a synthetic diet containing erucic acid but lacking fat-soluble vitamins plateau at a lower weight than those fed similar diets containing no fat or other individual fatty acids. Growth resumes in the erucic acid fed rats when vitamin A acetate and corn oil are administered, but neither is effective alone. The corn oil can be replaced by methyl linoleate. Vitamin A acetate alone causes some additional growth in rats plateaued on diets containing no fat or palmitic acid but it is more effective when combined with corn oil. Rats fed an erucic acid diet containing fat-soluble vitamins still plateaued at a lower weight than rats fed a similar diet containing oleic acid.

THE GROWTH-RETARDING EFFECT OF ERUCIC ACID AND ITS RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Acid Diet ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Young male rats fed a synthetic diet containing erucic acid but lacking fat-soluble vitamins plateau at a lower weight than those fed similar diets containing no fat or other individual fatty acids. Growth resumes in the erucic acid fed rats when vitamin A acetate and corn oil are administered, but neither is effective alone. The corn oil can be replaced by methyl linoleate. Vitamin A acetate alone causes some additional growth in rats plateaued on diets containing no fat or palmitic acid but it is more effective when combined with corn oil. Rats fed an erucic acid diet containing fat-soluble vitamins still plateaued at a lower weight than rats fed a similar diet containing oleic acid.

Effect of saturated fat diets on rat liver NADP-linked enzymes

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Tepperman ◽  
Jay Tepperman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

The aggregate hexosemonophosphate dehydrogenase (HMPD) activity was found to be higher in livers of rats fed a diet containing saturated fat (hydrogenated coconut oil = H) for 7 days and fasted for 48 hr than it was in similarly prepared animals fed a corn oil (CO) diet. Later, a liver HMPD-increasing effect of feeding H was found in nonfasted animals. Lipogenesis (i.e., the incorporation of acetate-1-C14 into fatty acids by liver slices) was shown to be as low or lower in the H group as in the CO. Liver slices prepared from H and CO diet adapted rats were incubated with either acetate-1-C14 or palmitate-1-C14 and the extent of incorporation of C14 into individual fatty acids was measured. With both substrates more radioactivity was found in 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1 in the case of H-fed animals. It is proposed that a component of the signal for eliciting increased NADP-linked enzyme activity in the H rats was an increased rate of oxidation of NADPH attendant on monoene formation and chain lengthening.

scholarly journals Adrenergic control of vascular resistance varies in muscles composed of different fiber types: influence of the vascular endothelium

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (3) ◽  
pp. R783-R790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Behnke ◽  
Robert B. Armstrong ◽  
Michael D. Delp
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Vascular Endothelium ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Fast Twitch Muscle ◽  
Dose Responses ◽  
Fast Twitch

The influence of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) upon vascular resistance is more profound in muscles comprised predominately of low-oxidative type IIB vs. high-oxidative type I fiber types. However, within muscles containing high-oxidative type IIA and IIX fibers, the role of the SNS on vasomotor tone is not well established. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sympathetic neural vasoconstrictor tone in muscles composed of different fiber types. In adult male rats, blood flow to the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius (GastRed and GastWhite, respectively) and the soleus muscle was measured pre- and postdenervation. Resistance arterioles from these muscles were removed, and dose responses to α1-phenylephrine or α2-clonidine adrenoreceptor agonists were determined with and without the vascular endothelium. Denervation resulted in a 2.7-fold increase in blood flow to the soleus and GastRed and an 8.7-fold increase in flow to the GastWhite. In isolated arterioles, α2-mediated vasoconstriction was greatest in GastWhite (∼50%) and less in GastRed (∼31%) and soleus (∼17%); differences among arterioles were abolished with the removal of the endothelium. There was greater sensitivity to α1-mediated vasoconstriction in the GastWhite and GastRed vs. the soleus, which was independent of whether the endothelium was present. These data indicate that 1) control of vascular resistance by the SNS in high-oxidative, fast-twitch muscle is intermediate to that of low-oxidative, fast-twitch and high-oxidative, slow-twitch muscles; and 2) the ability of the SNS to control blood flow to low-oxidative type IIB muscle appears to be mediated through postsynaptic α1- and α2-adrenoreceptors on the vascular smooth muscle.

Effects of Guanethidine and Related Compounds on Histamine Excretion

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LeBlanc ◽  
J. Côté ◽  
F. Doré ◽  
S. Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Histamine Metabolism ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Single Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Urinary Histamine ◽  
Related Compounds

The basic nature of guanethidine and some of its effects suggested a possible action of this drug on histamine metabolism. A single intraperitoneal injection of guanethidine (10 mg/kg) in male rats was found to double the daily urinary excretion of free histamine; daily injection for three weeks caused a 10-fold increase. In male rats, guanethidine increased the number of mast cells in the peritoneal fluid and, in both peritoneal fluid and mesentery, caused a significant degranulation of these cells; this action was not observed in female rats. This finding may indicate that guanethidine blocks methylation of histamine by inhibiting imidazole methyl transferase since this enzyme is found in male but not in female rats. Bethanidine and reserpine had no effect on histamine excretion. Imidazole was found to be even more potent than guanethidine in causing an increase in urinary histamine. Guanethidine and imidazole neither potentiated nor mimicked the action of histamine on the isolated ileum.

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