A chemically defined medium for the production of staphylococcal beta hemolysin

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1319-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brahma S. Sharma ◽  
Riaz-ul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Cell Yield ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Toxin Formation

A synthetic medium, containing L-proline, glycine, L-arginine, L-cystine, L-glutamine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, nicotinamide, thiamine, glucose, sodium citrate, Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4∙7H2O, FeSO4∙7H2O, and CaCl2∙2H2O, was developed. It supported growth and beta hemolysin production by the 681C strain of Staphylococcus aureus when the culture was incubated under carbon dioxide. L-Threonine, L-tyrosine, i-inositol, folic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxal HCl, choline Cl, and D-Ca pantothenate were added for obtaining good growth and toxin formation under air. L-Proline, L-glutamine, and L-cystine were the absolute requirements for the production of beta hemolysin under carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide stimulated the production of beta hemolysin, but invariably resulted in lower cell yield.

The Uptake of Vitamins by Mouse Fibroblast Cells (Strain LS) During Growth in a Chemically Defined Medium

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-708
Author(s):  
G. J. BLAKER ◽  
S. J. PIRT
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Growth Yields ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
Early Phases

The uptake of biotin, choline, folic acid, hypoxanthine, inositol, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamine and vitamin B12 by mouse LS cells in suspension culture was determined by microbiological assay methods. Based on the extent of uptake during cell growth, vitamin growth yields (cells produced/unit mass of vitamin utilized) were estimated for all of the vitamins, except folic acid, thiamine and B12. The growth yields were lower during the early phases of culture. No uptakes of folic acid or B12 could be demonstrated. During the period of incubation about half of the thiamine was irretrievably lost through spontaneous decomposition.

A chemically defined medium for Treponema strain PR-7 isolated from the intestine of a pig with swine dysentery

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1073-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Smibert ◽  
Raymond L. Claterbaugh Jr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
End Products

The nutrition of treponeme strain PR-7 isolated from the intestinal tract of a pig with swine dysentery was studied. The organism fermented arabinose, xylose, maltose, cellobiose, glucose, galactose, mannose, lactose, pectin, and starch. The end products of fermentation of glucose were major amounts of succinic acid, moderate amounts of acetic and formic acid, and a trace of lactic acid and ethanol.Strain PR-7 required glutamate, aspartate, proline, leucine, methionine, arginine, valine, alanine, serine, lysine, glycine, threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan, glutamine, asparagine, and spermine. The organism also required nicotinamide, folic acid, pyridoxal, thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenate, choline, α-lipoic acid, and biotin. The fatty acids isobutyrate, n-valerate, acetate, and pyruvate were needed as well as ammonium sulfate. A fermentable energy source such as glucose was necessary for growth, as well as carbon dioxide. Heme was also required and the organism was stimulated by vitamin B12, ascorbic acid, ornithine, and para-aminobenzoic acid. Heme could be replaced by catalase, myoglobin, and peroxidase.Ten other treponemes that were isolated from the intestines of normal pigs as well as from pigs with swine dysentery and had phenotypic characteristics similar to strain PR-7 grew in the defined medium.

A Deficiency in Aspartate Biosynthesis inLactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C2 Causes Slow Milk Coagulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1673-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Wang ◽  
Weizhu Yu ◽  
Tim Coolbear ◽  
Dan O’Sullivan ◽  
Larry L. McKay
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Pyruvate Carboxylase ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Milk Coagulation

ABSTRACT A mutant of fast milk-coagulating (Fmc+)Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C2, designatedL. lactis KB4, was identified. Although possessing the known components essential for utilizing casein as a nitrogen source, which include functional proteinase (PrtP) activity and oligopeptide, di- and tripeptide, and amino acid transport systems, KB4 exhibited a slow milk coagulation (Fmc−) phenotype. When the amino acid requirements of L. lactis C2 were compared with those of KB4 by use of a chemically defined medium, it was found that KB4 was unable to grow in the absence of aspartic acid. This aspartic acid requirement could also be met by aspartate-containing peptides. The addition of aspartic acid to milk restored the Fmc+phenotype of KB4. KB4 was found to be defective in pyruvate carboxylase and thus was deficient in the ability to form oxaloacetate and hence aspartic acid from pyruvate and carbon dioxide. The results suggest that when lactococci are propagated in milk, aspartate derived from casein is unable to meet fully the nutritional demands of the lactococci, and they become dependent upon aspartate biosynthesis.

A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR GROWTH OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence P. Watko
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Metallic Salts

The chemically defined medium of McKenzie et al. was modified by increasing dextrose and buffer and adding metallic salts. This modified medium supported growth of nine different isolates of P. multocida through 10 serial transfers. One isolate (strain X-73) was successfully subcultured through more than 100 transfers in the modified medium without change of its biochemical characteristics. Viable organisms were recovered from static cultures after 45 days" incubation at 37 C. A 1/10-ml inoculum containing approximately two or three organisms was sufficient to produce good growth within 24–48 h.

scholarly journals The Growth Of Rhizobium in Synthetic Media

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
FJ Bergersen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Sodium Glutamate ◽  
Synthetic Media

A chemically defined medium for the growth of Rhizobium is described in which populations of up to 5 x 109 cells/ml were obtained. For the six strains of bacteria studied the complete medium supported exponential growth for two to five generations. The concentrations of biotin giving best growth varied ith strain between 125 and 250 f'g/l when the nitrogen source was sodium glutamate. NHt, NOs, and other amino acids, singly or in combination, did not upport as good growth as did sodium glutamate.

scholarly journals Expression of Virulence Factors by Staphylococcus aureus Grown in Serum

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (22) ◽  
pp. 8097-8105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Oogai ◽  
Miki Matsuo ◽  
Masahito Hashimoto ◽  
Fuminori Kato ◽  
Motoyuki Sugai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusproduces many virulence factors, including toxins, immune-modulatory factors, and exoenzymes. Previous studies involving the analysis of virulence expression were mainly performed byin vitroexperiments using bacterial medium. However, whenS. aureusinfects a host, the bacterial growth conditions are quite different from those in a medium, which may be related to the different expression of virulence factors in the host. In this study, we investigated the expression of virulence factors inS. aureusgrown in calf serum. The expression of many virulence factors, including hemolysins, enterotoxins, proteases, and iron acquisition factors, was significantly increased compared with that in bacterial medium. In addition, the expression of RNA III, a global regulon for virulence expression, was significantly increased. This effect was partially restored by the addition of 300 μM FeCl3into serum, suggesting that iron depletion is associated with the increased expression of virulence factors in serum. In chemically defined medium without iron, a similar effect was observed. In a mutant withagrinactivated grown in serum, the expression of RNA III,psm, andsec4was not increased, while other factors were still induced in the mutant, suggesting that another regulatory factor(s) is involved. In addition, we found that serum albumin is a major factor for the capture of free iron to prevent the supply of iron to bacteria grown in serum. These results indicate thatS. aureusexpresses virulence factors in adaptation to the host environment.

scholarly journals The Role of Carbon Dioxide as an Essential Nutrient for Six Permanent Strains of Fibroblasts

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Swim ◽  
R. F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Mouse Tissue ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Tissue Strain ◽  
Embryo Extract ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Rabbit Tissues ◽  
Dialyzed Serum

The results of these studies demonstrate that carbon dioxide is required for the growth and maintenance of strains of fibroblasts derived from human tissues, strains FS4-705 and U12-705, from mouse tissue, strain L-705, and from rabbit tissues, strains RM3-56, RS1-56, and RT-56 in a chemically defined medium containing phosphite buffer in place of bicarbonate and supplemented with dialyzed serum and dialyzed embryo extract. Under these conditions, the cells fail to proliferate at a significant rate and begin to degenerate within 5 to 10 days when the flasks are not stoppered. Sufficient carbon dioxide is produced by the cells to promote growth as indicated by the fact that maximal proliferation is obtained in the same phosphite media when stoppered flasks are employed. With the exception of RS1-56, all the remaining strains tested can be propagated serially in open flasks containing phosphite medium prepared with whole serum and embryo extract. The rate of growth under these conditions, however, is only one-half to one-third that obtained in stoppered flasks containing phosphite medium or the conventional bicarbonate medium.

Physiology of two monocentric chytrids: comparative nutritional studies of Entophlyctis sp. and Entophlyctis aureus (Chytridiales)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mozaffar W Hassan ◽  
Edward J Catapane
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Vitamin Requirements ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Vitamin Mixture ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

This paper describes physiological characteristics of Entophlyctis sp. and Entophlyctis aureus Fisher. The two chytrids grew best at 20-25°C in a chemically defined medium, and at 20-30°C in nutrient solutions containing bactotryptone and glucose. The range of pH that supported good growth was 6.5-8.5. Both organisms utilized ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, several amino acids, and glucose, fructose, mannose, maltose, and raffinose. They were prototrophic with respect to vitamin requirements, and vitamin mixture at a concentration of 10 µg/mL inhibited growth. They are physiologically similar to Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae (Cienkowski) Sparrow.Key words: Entophlyctis sp., Entophlyctis aureus, Entophlyctis confervae-glomeratae.

A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR HALOBACTERIUM SALINARIUM STRAIN 1

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Dundas ◽  
V. R. Srinivasan ◽  
H. Orin Halvorson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Complex Media ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

A chemically defined medium has been composed for Halobacterium salinarium strain 1. The medium consists of inorganic salts, 10 amino acids (lysine, arginine, proline, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutamine) and cytidylic acid. The amino acids valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine are found to be essential for growth in this medium. Growth rates in the synthetic medium are not as high as those obtained in complex media. The medium allows growth of several halophilic organisms.

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