PREPARATION OF A STABLE NON-INFECTIVE COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGEN FOR HERPES SIMPLEX

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Tissue Material

The soluble antigen of herpes simplex is prepared by grinding the specifically infected chorioallantoic membranes with one volume of saline, storage for 4 days at 4 °C to precipitate tissue material, followed by centrifugation for 1 hour at 10,000 r.p.m. (9000 g) to improve the specificity. Nine different methods of formaldehyde treatment were tried to determine the best procedure for the destruction of the infectivity while preserving the maximal antigenicity. Methods in which treatment was conducted at pH 6 destroyed considerable antigenicity whereas the methods using a pH of 8.5 were most successful. The method selected to inactivate the virus present in the herpes antigen involves treatment with 0.01% formaldehyde at 37 °C for 2 days at pH 8.5, followed by the addition of 0.25 cc of 30% dibasic ammonium phosphate solution per 100 cc of treated antigen. After treatment and neutralization the antigen can be lyophilized for stable storage.

Structural Optimization of Macroporous Magnesium Phosphate Scaffolds and their Cytocompatibility

2011 ◽  
Vol 493-494 ◽  
pp. 813-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ewald ◽  
Bernhard Lochner ◽  
Uwe Gbureck ◽  
Jürgen Groll ◽  
Reinhard Krüger
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Sample Characterization ◽  
Polymer Infiltration

Mg-phosphate ceramics have aroused growing interest as bone replacement materials due to their ability to degrade under physiological conditions. To mimic cancelous bone and to promote tissue repair mechanisms a highly macroporous structure with open cells is desired. In this study trimagnesium phosphate (farringtonite, Mg3(PO4)2) and struvite ((NH4)Mg(PO4)·6H2O) scaffolds were developed as open cell foams using the Schwarzwalder-Somers technique and optimized for pore size and mechanical performance. Polyurethane (PU) foam (20-80 ppi) was used as a template. For the optimization of the farringtonite scaffolds, ppi number of the PU foam as well as the technique that was used to remove excess slurry were varied. Sample characterization was done by SEM, XRD and compression testing. For best results were obtained using 60 ppi PU foams leading to a compressive strength of 58 kPa (90 % porosity). Farringtonite scaffolds were modified by either polymer infiltration or transformation into struvite with an ammonium phosphate solution. The pore macrostructure was retained for both of these processes and a reduction of porosity was observed. The microstructure of struvite foams was significantly altered showing larger and more facetted crystals than farringtonite. Mechanical properties substantially improved by transformation into struvite to 730 kPa (68 % porosity). Cytocompatibility was tested using osteoblasts and fibroblasts. Cell number and cell activity (WST) were tested over a period of 3 to 13 days. Farringtonite foams showed a tendency for higher cell numbers than struvite, while the WST activity was similar. Infiltration of farringtonite with PLGA approximately doubled cell number compared to pure farringtonite. In conclusion macroporous Mg-phosphate foams have been successfully produced. Compressive strength of the foams was drastically improved by optimization of pore fineness, transformation to struvite and infiltration with PLGA. The open porous structure was retained and the materials showed good cytocompatibility.

PREPARATION OF NON-INFECTIVE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS WITH GAMMA RADIATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Calculated Amount

The use of gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 cell for the preparation of non-infective diagnostic antigens for influenza A, influenza B, mumps, smallpox, and herpes simplex has been investigated. It was found possible to destroy the infectivity while retaining most of the complement-fixing activity of all these antigens. The degree of purity of the antigen had no apparent effect on the rate of inactivation, as is the case when formaldehyde is used. Under the experimental conditions described, the degree of inactivation depended on the total amount of radiation applied and not on the dose rate. The kinetics of virus inactivation make it possible to calculate the amount of radiation required to destroy infectivity completely and yet retain most of the antigenicity. If necessary it is possible to apply an additional calculated amount of radiation to destroy residual infectivity without causing loss of antigenicity. Gamma radiation appears to be superior to formaldehyde treatment for the preparation of the herpes simplex antigen which is particularly sensitive to heat and to formaldehyde.

Measurement of anticonvulsants in serum by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-501
Author(s):  
J A Christofides ◽  
D E Fry
Keyword(s):  
Internal Standard ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Drug Interference ◽  
Tetrabutyl Ammonium ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract We describe a method for the simultaneous liquid-chromatographic determination of ethosuximide, ethylphenacemide, primidone, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin in serum. The drugs, together with an internal standard, are extracted into ethyl acetate at pH 7.0. The extract is analyzed isocratically at ambient temperature on a reversed-phase column of "SAS Hypersil" with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate solution (2/8 by volume). The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 200 nm, and quantitated from their peak heights as compared with those of extracted standards. The day-to-day CV of the method varied between 5.1 and 9.6% for concentrations ranging from less than therapeutic to toxic. The results, when compared with those by gas chromatography, gave correlation coefficients of 0.936 for phenytoin, 0.977 for phenobarbital, and 0.939 for primidone. No drug interference was found except that amobarbital and ethylphenacemide co-chromatographed.

Measurement of anticonvulsants in serum by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Christofides ◽  
D E Fry
Keyword(s):  
Internal Standard ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Drug Interference ◽  
Tetrabutyl Ammonium ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract We describe a method for the simultaneous liquid-chromatographic determination of ethosuximide, ethylphenacemide, primidone, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin in serum. The drugs, together with an internal standard, are extracted into ethyl acetate at pH 7.0. The extract is analyzed isocratically at ambient temperature on a reversed-phase column of "SAS Hypersil" with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate solution (2/8 by volume). The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 200 nm, and quantitated from their peak heights as compared with those of extracted standards. The day-to-day CV of the method varied between 5.1 and 9.6% for concentrations ranging from less than therapeutic to toxic. The results, when compared with those by gas chromatography, gave correlation coefficients of 0.936 for phenytoin, 0.977 for phenobarbital, and 0.939 for primidone. No drug interference was found except that amobarbital and ethylphenacemide co-chromatographed.

SYNTHESIS AND ELECTRORHEOLOGY OF PHOSPHATE CELLULOSE SUSPENSIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (17n18) ◽  
pp. 2487-2493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. KIM ◽  
Y. H. CHO ◽  
H. J. CHOI ◽  
M. S. JHON
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Phosphoric Acid Solution ◽  
Phosphate Ester ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Shear Modes ◽  
Er Damper ◽  
Er Fluids

As a candidate for the development in electrorheological (ER) materials, phosphate cellulose (PC) particles were synthesized from the phosphate–ester reaction between cellulose particles and ammonium phosphate solution prepared from six different molar concentrations of phosphoric acid. The synthesized particles were then dispersed in silicone oil to prepare the PC-based anhydrous ER fluid. The effects of electric field strength and particle concentration on the ER performance were investigated with both steady shear and dynamic oscillatory shear modes. The ER system with PC particles formed with a 2 M phosphoric acid solution exhibited the highest yield stress. A difference in the flow behavior of the PC-based ER fluids was also analyzed via the dielectric spectra using an impedance analyzer. We adapted the PC-based ER fluids to the semi-active ER damper and the examined their damping characteristics.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMALDEHYDE TREATMENT OF VIRAL ANTIGENS

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Formaldehyde Concentration ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Coarse Filter ◽  
Supernatant Liquid ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Hemagglutination Titer ◽  
The Stability

An investigation has been made of the use of formaldehyde for the preparation of stable non-infective viral antigens of influenza (PR8) and mumps (Enders). The stability of the antigen to formaldehyde treatment was influenced by the pH, the suspending medium of the virus, the formaldehyde concentration, and the duration and temperature of treatment. The following procedure was found to be the most satisfactory. The supernatant liquid of allantoic fluid which had been frozen and allowed to thaw slowly was centrifuged and the virus was resuspended in isotonic phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. A hemagglutination titer of about 10,000 was attained before the process of treatment was started. This viral antigen was filtered through coarse filter paper and treated with 0.1% formaldehyde at 45 °C. for 12 hr. The excess formaldehyde was neutralized by the addition of 0.25 cc. of 30% dibasic ammonium phosphate per 10 cc. of antigen. After 30 min. at room temperature, 5% (w/v) of arginine was added and the antigen was lyophilized in ampoules. These antigens have been found to be non-infective, satisfactory in the complement-fixation and hemagglutination-inhibition tests as specific diagnostic antigens, and show greater stability than liquid viral antigens.

scholarly journals The Effect of Seed Priming and Soaking Durations with Di Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) on Seedling Emergence and Morphological Traits in Okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gohar Shafi ◽  
Neelam Ara ◽  
Fahim Ullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Percentage Survival

The experiment was conducted at Ornamental Horticulture Nursery of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar in July 2008 to study the effect of okra seed priming with different phosphorus concentrations (DAP) at various durations on seedling emergence and some related traits. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design in split plot arrangement, with three replications. Four DAP concentrations i.e. 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%with difference soaking durations from 0 to 48 hours with 4 hours interval. Germination percentage (%), survival percentage (%), number of days to emergence, number of days to first flowering, plant height (cm), were significantly affected by concentrations and soaking durations. Mean values showed that maximum germination percentage (70.49 %), maximum plant height (150.33 cm) was observed in plot in which seeds were soaked in 0.5% phosphate solution. It is concluded that phosphorus concentration of 0.5 % and soaking for 32hour are recommended for seed priming in okra. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i3.11068 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(3) 2014: 113-125

Fabrication of Apatite Monolith from Calcium Sulphate

2005 ◽  
Vol 288-289 ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishikawa Kunio ◽  
Shigeki Matsuya ◽  
Yumiko Suzuki ◽  
Koh-ichi Udoh ◽  
Masaharu Nakagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Present Method ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Setting Reaction ◽  
Low Crystallinity

Present study evaluated the feasibility of apatite monolith preparation from calcium sulfate monolith using ammonium phosphate solution. We found that calcium phosphate monolith transforms to apatitic monolith without changing its original morphology when a proper temperature and a proper phosphate solution was selected. Prepared apatite was B-type carbonate apatite with low crystallinity. Although mechanical strength of the apatite monolith was lower than original calcium sulphate monolith, we concluded present method may be useful for the fabrication of apatite monolith since we can prepare different shape of apatite monoliths based on the setting reaction of calcium sulphate and compositional transformation to apatitic mineral.

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