PREPARATION OF NON-INFECTIVE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS WITH GAMMA RADIATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Calculated Amount

The use of gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 cell for the preparation of non-infective diagnostic antigens for influenza A, influenza B, mumps, smallpox, and herpes simplex has been investigated. It was found possible to destroy the infectivity while retaining most of the complement-fixing activity of all these antigens. The degree of purity of the antigen had no apparent effect on the rate of inactivation, as is the case when formaldehyde is used. Under the experimental conditions described, the degree of inactivation depended on the total amount of radiation applied and not on the dose rate. The kinetics of virus inactivation make it possible to calculate the amount of radiation required to destroy infectivity completely and yet retain most of the antigenicity. If necessary it is possible to apply an additional calculated amount of radiation to destroy residual infectivity without causing loss of antigenicity. Gamma radiation appears to be superior to formaldehyde treatment for the preparation of the herpes simplex antigen which is particularly sensitive to heat and to formaldehyde.

THE USE OF GAMMA RADIATION FOR THE PREPARATION OF VIRUS VACCINES

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Neutralization Techniques ◽  
Hemagglutination Titer

A protective agent such as histidine or sodium p-aminohippurate was added to purified suspensions of influenza and mumps viruses. It was then possible to inactivate them in about an hour with gamma radiation while retaining most of the hemagglutination titer. It was demonstrated in mice that a vaccine prepared from a mouse-adapted virus (Shope's swine influenza strain of influenza A) conferred protection against challenge by the live virus and produced an antibody response as measured by the hemagglutination–inhibition technique. Vaccines prepared with the viruses of influenza A(PR8), influenza B, and mumps were shown to produce antibody responses in guinea pigs as measured by the hemagglutination–inhibition and serum neutralization techniques. With gamma radiation it was possible to prepare influenza and mumps virus vaccines quickly and with precise control of the inactivation. This work is being continued with other viruses.

scholarly journals Anomalous influenza seasonality in the United States and the emergence of novel influenza B viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. e2012327118
Author(s):  
Rebecca K. Borchering ◽  
Christian E. Gunning ◽  
Deven V. Gokhale ◽  
K. Bodie Weedop ◽  
Arash Saeidpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Relative Dynamics ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Early Activity

The 2019/2020 influenza season in the United States began earlier than any season since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, with an increase in influenza-like illnesses observed as early as August. Also noteworthy was the numerical domination of influenza B cases early in this influenza season, in contrast to their typically later peak in the past. Here, we dissect the 2019/2020 influenza season not only with regard to its unusually early activity, but also with regard to the relative dynamics of type A and type B cases. We propose that the recent expansion of a novel influenza B/Victoria clade may be associated with this shift in the composition and kinetics of the influenza season in the United States. We use epidemiological transmission models to explore whether changes in the effective reproduction number or short-term cross-immunity between these viruses can explain the dynamics of influenza A and B seasonality. We find support for an increase in the effective reproduction number of influenza B, rather than support for cross-type immunity-driven dynamics. Our findings have clear implications for optimal vaccination strategies.

scholarly journals Domestic Pigs Are Susceptible to Infection with Influenza B Viruses

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 4818-4826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguang Ran ◽  
Huigang Shen ◽  
Yuekun Lang ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kolb ◽  
Nuri Turan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Swine Herds

ABSTRACTInfluenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal epidemics in humans. Although IBV has been isolated from seals, humans are considered the primary host and reservoir of this important pathogen. It is unclear whether other animal species can support the replication of IBV and serve as a reservoir. Swine are naturally infected with both influenza A and C viruses. To determine the susceptibility of pigs to IBV infection, we conducted a serological survey for U.S. Midwest domestic swine herds from 2010 to 2012. Results of this study showed that antibodies to IBVs were detected in 38.5% (20/52) of sampled farms, and 7.3% (41/560) of tested swine serum samples were positive for IBV antibodies. Furthermore, swine herds infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) showed a higher prevalence of IBV antibodies in our 2014 survey. In addition, IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs collected from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. Finally, an experimental infection in pigs, via intranasal and intratracheal routes, was performed using one representative virus from each of the two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs: B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (Yamagata lineage). Pigs developed influenza-like symptoms and lung lesions, and they seroconverted after virus inoculation. Pigs infected with B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus successfully transmitted the virus to sentinel animals. Taken together, our data demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infection; therefore, they warrant further surveillance and investigation of swine as a potential host for human IBV.IMPORTANCEIBV is an important human pathogen, but its ability to infect other species, for example, pigs, is not well understood. We showed serological evidence that antibodies to two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of IBVs were present among domestic pigs, especially in swine herds previously infected with PRRSV, an immunosuppressive virus. IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Moreover, both lineages of IBV were able to infect pigs under experimental conditions, with transmissibility of influenza B/Victoria lineage virus among pigs being observed. Our results demonstrate that pigs are susceptible to IBV infections, indicating that IBV is a swine pathogen, and swine may serve as a natural reservoir of IBVs. In addition, pigs may serve as a model to study the mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis of IBVs.

scholarly journals Antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: specific antibody is concentrated on the fetal side of the circulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Griffiths ◽  
S. I. Berney ◽  
S. Argent ◽  
R. B. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus

SUMMARYPaired maternal and cord sera from 100 pregnancies were tested for antibodies against herpes simplex virus, measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus by complement fixation and for antibodies against rubella virus, influenza A virus and influenza B virus by haemagglutination-inhibition. For four viruses (herpes simplex, measles, respiratory syncytial and rubella) higher levels of antibody were found in cord than in maternal sera. There was no difference between maternal and cord serum titres against influenza B virus but significantly higher levels of antibody against influenza A virus were found in maternal sera than in cord sera. This discrepancy was investigated by measuring antibodies against the surface antigens of influenza A by a complement fixation technique, and by single radial haemolysis. Both methods showed a preponderance of virus-specific antibody in cord sera. We conclude that IgG antibodies against most, if not all, viruses are concentrated on the fetal side of the circulation, but that conventional haemagglutination-inhibition techniques may fail to detect this difference.

FACTORS INFLUENCING INACTIVATION OF INFECTIVITY AND HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA VIRUS BY GAMMA RADIATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Factors Influencing

Factors influencing the effects of gamma, irradiation on influenza A(PR8) virus suspensions have been investigated. In purified virus suspensions in physiological saline, the hemagglutinin was destroyed more rapidly than the infectivity. The addition of reagents such as histidine, sodium p-aminohippurate, ascorbic acid, or cystine to the saline suspension reversed this effect. It was also found that the effect of a given amount of gamma radiation on the infectivity and hemagglutinin was similar regardless of whether the radiation was administered as a single dose or as two or four divided doses on different days. It is possible to calculate the amount of radiation required to destroy the infectivity and yet retain most of the hemagglutinin content, If a given dose of radiation has been insufficient to produce complete virus inactivation, the suspension can be subjected to a further dose, the amount of which can be exactly calculated, without destroying the hemagglutinin. These experiments were repeated with other strains of influenza A and B with similar results. The application of this work to the preparation of virus vaccines is being investigated and will be reported later.

Kinetics of influenza A virus nucleoprotein antibody (IgM, IgA, and IgG) in serum and oral fluid specimens from pigs infected under experimental conditions

Vaccine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (52) ◽  
pp. 6210-6215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Panyasing ◽  
C.K. Goodell ◽  
L. Giménez-Lirola ◽  
A. Kittawornrat ◽  
C. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals The memberane Piece Technique for in Vitro Infectivity Titrations of Influenza Virus

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Finter ◽  
P. Armitage
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Set Up

1. The membrane piece technique for in vitro titrations of the infectivity of influenza virus is described. Rectangles of shell, about 8 × 25 mm., with the chorio-allantoic membrane still attached (membrane pieces) are cut from thirteenth-day fertile eggs. One piece in a test-tube with glucose-buffered salt solution forms an individual assay unit. Five or more tubes are inoculated with each virus dilution. After incubation at 37° C. for 72 hr., with agitation for the first 24 hr. the fluid in each tube is tested for haemagglutinins. From the results at each dilution, an estimate of the 50% membrane piece (MP50) infectivity titre is obtained.2. Six hundred assay units, with pieces cut from twenty eggs, can be set up by two workers in 1 hr. and used for titration of between three and twenty-four individual virus preparations, depending on the reliability desired for the 50% end-point estimates.3. With the D.S.P. and PR 8 strains of influenza A virus, the MP50 titres parallel the EID50 titres from egg titrations, but are eight times and twenty times lower, respectively. The MP50: EID50 ratio is the same for various preparations of the same strain, including standard allantoic fluid and chorio-allantoic membrane virus, incomplete virus, and inactivated (heated) allantoic fluid virus. Preliminary experiments with Lee influenza B virus show that slightly different experimental conditions are required, and the MP50 titres are about fifty times less than the EID50 titres.4. Consistent results have been obtained on titration of samples of the same virus preparation on a number of occasions over a period of several months.5. A large number of membrane pieces can be used to test each virus dilution, and sampling variations in the MP50 estimates thus made quite small. Statistical data on the reliability of a 50 % titration result, and on the minimum significant differences between two end-points, are given for different values of n, the number of membrane pieces used to test each virus dilution, and of d, the log dilution step.We are grateful to Mr J. Collins for invaluable technical assistance, and also to Miss I. Allen for help with the computations.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of four common respiratory viral infections in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohong Zhu ◽  
Dan Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Tianlin Wang ◽  
Lingyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Preschool Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Viruses are the main infectious agents of acute respiratory infections in children. We aim to describe the epidemiological characteristics of viral pathogens of acute respiratory tract infections in outpatient children. Methods From April 2018 to March 2019, the results of viral detection using oral pharyngeal swabs from 103,210 children with acute respiratory tract infection in the outpatient department of the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, were retrospectively analyzed. Viral antigens, including adenovirus (ADV), influenza A (FLUA), influenza B (FLUB) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), were detected by the colloidal gold method. Results At least one virus was detected in 38,355 cases; the positivity rate was 37.2%. A total of 1910 cases of mixed infection with two or more viruses were detected, and the positivity rate of multiple infection was 1.9%. The ADV positivity rate was highest in the 3–6-year-old group (18.7%), the FLUA positivity rate was highest in the > 6-year-old group (21.6%), the FLUB positivity rate was highest in the > 6-year-old group (6.6%), and the RSV positivity rate was highest in the < 1-year-old group (10.6%). There was a significant difference in the positivity rate of viral infection among different age groups (χ2 = 1280.7, P < 0.001). The rate of positive viral infection was highest in winter (47.1%). The ADV infection rate was highest in spring (18.2%). The rates of FLUA and FLUB positivity were highest in winter (28.8% and 3.6%, respectively). The rate of RSV positivity was highest in autumn (17.4%). The rate of positive viral infection in different seasons was significantly different (χ2 = 6459.1, P < 0.001). Conclusions Viral infection rates in children differ for different ages and seasons. The positivity rate of ADV is highest in the preschool period and that of RSV is highest in infants; that of FLU increases with age. The total positive rate of viral infection in different seasons is highest in winter, as is the rate of FLU positivity.

scholarly journals An evaluation of the InDevR FluChip-8G insight microarray assay in characterizing influenza a viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Bailey ◽  
Xinye Wang ◽  
Mai-juan Ma ◽  
Guo-lin Wang ◽  
Gregory C. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Multiple Viral Strains ◽  
Rapid Characterization

AbstractInfluenza viruses are an important cause of disease in both humans and animals, and their detection and characterization can take weeks. In this study, we sought to compare classical virology techniques with a new rapid microarray method for the detection and characterization of a very diverse, panel of animal, environmental, and human clinical or field specimens that were molecularly positive for influenza A alone (n = 111), influenza B alone (n = 3), both viruses (n = 13), or influenza negative (n = 2) viruses. All influenza virus positive samples in this study were first subtyped by traditional laboratory methods, and later evaluated using the FluChip-8G Insight Assay (InDevR Inc. Boulder, CO) in laboratories at Duke University (USA) or at Duke Kunshan University (China). The FluChip-8G Insight multiplexed assay agreed with classical virologic techniques 59 (54.1%) of 109 influenza A-positive, 3 (100%) of the 3 influenza B-positive, 0 (0%) of 10 both influenza A- and B-positive samples, 75% of 24 environmental samples including those positive for H1, H3, H7, H9, N1, and N9 strains, and 80% of 22 avian influenza samples. It had difficulty with avian N6 types and swine H3 and N2 influenza specimens. The FluChip-8G Insight assay performed well with most human, environmental, and animal samples, but had some difficulty with samples containing multiple viral strains and with specific animal influenza strains. As classical virology methods are often iterative and can take weeks, the FluChip-8G Insight Assay rapid results (time range 8 to 12 h) offers considerable time savings. As the FluChip-8G analysis algorithm is expected to improve over time with addition of new subtypes and sample matrices, the FluChip-8G Insight Assay has considerable promise for rapid characterization of novel influenza viruses affecting humans or animals.

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