A device for measuring forces in a rubble-mound breakwater

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-894
Author(s):  
R. D. Scott ◽  
D. J. Turcke ◽  
W. F. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Load Cell ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Rubble Mound ◽  
Full Protection

An improved instrumentation scheme has been designed and tested for measuring the generalized forces occurring within armour units in a physical model of a breakwater subjected to wave action. The fundamental change is centered around the concept of a load cell. Compared with previous devices developed by the authors, this new unit has improved sensitivity, full protection from all environmental influences, and a wider range of applicability. These improvements were substantiated by a number of static and hydraulic tests. Key words: breakwaters, armour, model, analysis, instrumentation.

Artificial Intelligence and Rubble-Mound Breakwater Stability

2012 ◽  
pp. 1499-1506
Author(s):  
Gregorio Iglesias Rodriguez ◽  
Alberte Castro Ponte ◽  
Rodrigo Carballo Sanchez ◽  
Miguel Ángel Losada Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wave Flume ◽  
Physical Model Tests ◽  
Rubble Mound ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rubble Mound Breakwaters

Breakwaters are coastal structures constructed to shelter a harbour basin from waves. There are two main types: rubble-mound breakwaters, consisting of various layers of stones or concrete pieces of different sizes (weights), making up a porous mound; and vertical breakwaters, impermeable and monolythic, habitually composed of concrete caissons. This article deals with rubble-mound breakwaters. A typical rubble-mound breakwater consists of an armour layer, a filter layer and a core. For the breakwater to be stable, the armour layer units (stones or concrete pieces) must not be removed by wave action. Stability is basically achieved by weight. Certain types of concrete pieces are capable of achieving a high degree of interlocking, which contributes to stability by impeding the removal of a single unit. The forces that an armour unit must withstand under wave action depend on the hydrodynamics on the breakwater slope, which are extremely complex due to wave breaking and the porous nature of the structure. A detailed description of the flow has not been achieved until now, and it is unclear whether it will be in the future in view of the turbulent phenomena involved. Therefore the instantaneous force exerted on an armour unit is not, at least for the time being, amenable to determination by means of a numerical model of the flow. For this reason, empirical formulations are used in rubble-mound design, calibrated on the basis of laboratory tests of model structures. However, these formulations cannot take into account all the aspects affecting the stability, mainly because the inherent complexity of the problem does not lend itself to a simple treatment. Consequently the empirical formulations are used as a predesign tool, and physical model tests in a wave flume of the particular design in question under the pertinent sea climate conditions are de rigueur, except for minor structures. The physical model tests naturally integrate all the complexity of the problem. Their drawback lies in that they are expensive and time consuming. In this article, Artificial Neural Networks are trained and tested with the results of stability tests carried out on a model breakwater. They are shown to reproduce very closely the behaviour of the physical model in the wave flume. Thus an ANN model, if trained and tested with sufficient data, may be used in lieu of the physical model tests. A virtual laboratory of this kind will save time and money with respect to the conventional procedure.

Artificial Intelligence and Rubble-Mound Breakwater Stability

2011 ◽  
pp. 144-150
Author(s):  
Gregorio Iglesias Rodriguez ◽  
Alberte Castro Ponte ◽  
Rodrigo Carballo Sanchez ◽  
Miguel Ángel Losada Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wave Flume ◽  
Physical Model Tests ◽  
Rubble Mound ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Rubble Mound Breakwaters

Breakwaters are coastal structures constructed to shelter a harbour basin from waves. There are two main types: rubble-mound breakwaters, consisting of various layers of stones or concrete pieces of different sizes (weights), making up a porous mound; and vertical breakwaters, impermeable and monolythic, habitually composed of concrete caissons. This article deals with rubble-mound breakwaters. A typical rubble-mound breakwater consists of an armour layer, a filter layer and a core. For the breakwater to be stable, the armour layer units (stones or concrete pieces) must not be removed by wave action. Stability is basically achieved by weight. Certain types of concrete pieces are capable of achieving a high degree of interlocking, which contributes to stability by impeding the removal of a single unit. The forces that an armour unit must withstand under wave action depend on the hydrodynamics on the breakwater slope, which are extremely complex due to wave breaking and the porous nature of the structure. A detailed description of the flow has not been achieved until now, and it is unclear whether it will be in the future in view of the turbulent phenomena involved. Therefore the instantaneous force exerted on an armour unit is not, at least for the time being, amenable to determination by means of a numerical model of the flow. For this reason, empirical formulations are used in rubble-mound design, calibrated on the basis of laboratory tests of model structures. However, these formulations cannot take into account all the aspects affecting the stability, mainly because the inherent complexity of the problem does not lend itself to a simple treatment. Consequently the empirical formulations are used as a predesign tool, and physical model tests in a wave flume of the particular design in question under the pertinent sea climate conditions are de rigueur, except for minor structures. The physical model tests naturally integrate all the complexity of the problem. Their drawback lies in that they are expensive and time consuming. In this article, Artificial Neural Networks are trained and tested with the results of stability tests carried out on a model breakwater. They are shown to reproduce very closely the behaviour of the physical model in the wave flume. Thus an ANN model, if trained and tested with sufficient data, may be used in lieu of the physical model tests. A virtual laboratory of this kind will save time and money with respect to the conventional procedure.

scholarly journals DISSIPATION OF WAVE ENERGY IN A SEAWATER OUTFALL CHANNEL

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
K.G. Witthaus ◽  
G. De F. Retief ◽  
G.K. Prestedge ◽  
L.R. Huskins
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Energy Dissipator ◽  
Rubble Mound

This paper describes the investigation of means of reducing wave action reaching the shoreward end of a power station cooling water outfall channel without resulting in significant head loss to the outflowing water. A variety of conceptual methods of reducing wave action in the outfall channel was examined. A physical model of the outfall was constructed. It was found that a rubble mound wave energy dissipator located in the outfall channel dramatically reduced wave action at the discharge seal pit.

scholarly journals Correction: Eldrup, M.R., et al. Stability of Rubble Mound Breakwaters—A Study of the Notional Permeability Factor, based on Physical Model Tests. Water 2019, 11, 934

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2483
Author(s):  
Mads Røge Eldrup ◽  
Thomas Lykke Andersen ◽  
Hans Falk Burcharth
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Permeability Factor ◽  
Physical Model Tests ◽  
Rubble Mound ◽  
Rubble Mound Breakwaters

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Physical Model Analysis During Transient for Series-Connected HVIGBTs

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 5727-5737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiqi Ji ◽  
Ting Lu ◽  
Zhengming Zhao ◽  
Hualong Yu ◽  
Liqiang Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Model Analysis

scholarly journals Dynamic Calculation of Breakwater Crown Walls under Wave Action: Influence of Soil Mechanics and Shape of the Loading State

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149
Author(s):  
Enrique Maciñeira ◽  
Enrique Peña ◽  
José Sande ◽  
Andrés Figuero
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Dynamic Calculation ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Static Calculation ◽  
Rubble Mound ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Rubble Mound Breakwaters

As a consequence of the action of waves on rubble mound breakwaters, there are loads—both on the vertical and horizontal sides of the crown walls—which modify the conditions of their stability. These loads provoke dynamic impulses that generate movements that are not possible to be analyzed by static calculation. This study presents the results obtained using a simplified method of dynamic calculation of the crown walls, presented in Appendix A, based on the variation of the forces acting against the structure in the time domain and the soil characteristics. It provides results of the expected movements of the structure and the deformations produced in the foundation. With this, traditional static calculation is improved and knowledge about the phenomenon is enhanced, highlighting the uncertainties in the system.

scholarly journals Model analysis of complex structures – advantages of physical sub-scaled model testing and shortcomings in physical model production

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 456-460
Author(s):  
Ana Petrović ◽  
Taško Maneski ◽  
Dragan Ignjatović ◽  
Nataša Trišović ◽  
Ines Grozdanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Model Testing ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Scaled Model

Physical model analysis of foam–TCE displacement in porous media

AIChE Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 782-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Woo Jeong ◽  
M. Yavuz Corapcioglu
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Model Analysis
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