Cost of Pavement Damage Due to Heavier Loads on Louisiana Highways: Preliminary Assessment

2000 ◽  
Vol 1732 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freddy L. Roberts ◽  
Ludfi Djakfar
Keyword(s):  
Pavement Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Present Worth ◽  
Gross Vehicle Weight ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Government Statistics ◽  
The Impact

A preliminary assessment is made of the impact of increasing the gross vehicle weight (GVW) from current legal limits to 100,000 lb (45 400 kg) on vehicles hauling sugarcane, rice, timber, and cotton. Sections of road were chosen in each area of Louisiana where commodities are produced, the amount of each commodity hauled was estimated, and the effects of increasing the GVW were evaluated for each section using pavement design models. Design data were secured from the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development computer database and project files to determine the pavement design parameters and traffic estimates for each road. The number of vehicles hauling the 1998 harvest payload was estimated, a projected increase in the production of each commodity was estimated on the basis of government statistics, and rehabilitations were designed with the use of the 1986 AASHTO Design Guide for a 20-year analysis period. Present worth (PW) was calculated for each GVW scenario for each roadway. Comparisons of PW between the weight scenarios showed that increases in GVW have more effect on state and U.S. highways than they do on Interstate highways. Any increase in GVW over current limits increases the cost of overlays and decreases the length of time before an overlay is required. The cost increase due to increasing the GVW is substantial. Fee structures should be modified by the legislature so that these costs are paid for either through the current registration and overweight permit fee structure or through some new tax, such as a ton-mile tax.

scholarly journals Simulation Technique of Kinematic Processes in the Vehicle Steering Linkage

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.3) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergii Chernenko ◽  
Eduard Klimov ◽  
Andrii Chernish ◽  
Olexandr Pavlenko ◽  
Volodymyr Kukhar
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Power Characteristics ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Turning Radius ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The results of the investigation of the turning kinematics of the steerable wheels of the KrAZ-7634NE off-road vehicle with a wheel formula 8x8 and two front steer axles are given. The theoretical relations between the steer angles of the steerable wheels on the basis of the scheme of double-axle steering turning of the vehicle are shown. The mathematical model of flat four-bar vehicle steering linkage is developed, it determines the relation between the steering linkage left and right steering arms turning angles at any turning radius of the vehicle. KrAZ-7634HE steering three-dimensional model was created and simulation technique of its work was carried out using Creo software. It has been shown that the flat steering linkage model provides sufficient accuracy of calculations in analysis of turning kinematics. The design data can be used for any vehicles that have a similar steering linkage, they allow to analyze the impact of the vehicle design parameters on the turning kinematics and optimize them. Further study of the impact of the kingpin inclinations on the steering linkage kinematic and power characteristics are required.  

scholarly journals Reliability Analysis of Flexible Pavement Using First Order Method

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-54
Author(s):  
Sameh S. Abd El- Fattah ◽  
Ahmed E. Abu El- Maaty ◽  
Ibrahim H. Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
First Order ◽  
Failure Patterns ◽  
Reliability Method ◽  
Current Design ◽  
The Impact

Flexible pavement design is influenced by many design parameters such as (traffic characterization, pavement depths, structure materials and environmental conditions). To study the impact of variations in design parameters on pavement performance, several attempts have been achieved to add reliability concept to the mechanistic-empirical (M-E) design of pavements. In (M-E) design of pavements, the pavement life depends on subgrade rutting and fatigue cracking, considering them as independent failure patterns. The current design methodology used in many countries such as Egypt is ignoring the impact of temperature variation (despite its importance) on the pavement design. This research aimed to predict the pavement reliability due to variation in pavement design parameters especially temperature using the first-order reliability method (FORM) considering rutting and fatigue failures. Moreover, a comparison was performed between regressions models represented from different pavement agencies to recommend the most efficient one for Egyptian temperature. The results obtained that, considering design parameters variations (without temperature); the reliability based on US Army Corps method (91.64%) was the nearest one to the current design methodology in Egypt (91.0%). After adding temperature variations, the reliability was clearly affected where the regression model of Shell Research agency was the most appropriate one for all Egyptian temperature zones as it achieved the lowest error mean (-0.03) and the lowest error standard deviation (0.0011). Moreover, the air temperature of 28ºC was considered as the inflection point for pavement reliability-temperature curve in Egypt.

Statistical Distributions of Pavement Damage Associated with Overweight Vehicles: Methodology and Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (9) ◽  
pp. 229-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Batioja-Alvarez ◽  
Seyed-Farzan Kazemi ◽  
Elie Y. Hajj ◽  
Raj V. Siddharthan ◽  
Adam J. T. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Application Process ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Relative Damage ◽  
Gross Vehicle Weight ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Impact

The trucking industry is the primary mode of transporting for goods and commodities in the United States. Currently, there is an increasing trend in the use of overweight (OW) vehicles on the highway network. State highway agencies (SHAs) are challenged to address this increase, particularly relative to associated pavement damage. In this study, a probabilistic method was developed to evaluate rutting and fatigue cracking damage caused by OW vehicles under different road and environmental conditions. The influential input parameters in this analysis included gross vehicle weight (GVW), axle configuration, axle weight, pavement temperature, and vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). Necessary information was obtained by analyzing more than 170,000 entries of a Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) OW permit database. The developed model was based on mechanistic-empirical (ME) approach and considered asphalt concrete (AC) viscoelastic characterization. The results of this study were distributions of AC critical responses, load equivalency factors (LEFs), and relative damage factors (RDFs). The analysis showed that load equivalent factor (LEF) distributions could be incorporated in pavement design methods to account for OW vehicles. Furthermore, the damage induced by specific OW vehicles could be assessed using the relative damage factor (RDF) concept and may be efficiently used by SHAs during the permit application process. A case study was presented illustrating the impact of an OW axle configuration on pavement damage. Finally, a method was suggested for developing RDF tables with damage ranges corresponding to different axle configurations and the GVW that could be a tool for SHAs to evaluate and understand pavement damage induced by OW vehicles.

scholarly journals METHODS AND CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE CONDITION OF RIGID PAVEMENT CONTAINING CRACKS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (164) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
A. Batrakova ◽  
S. Urdzik
Keyword(s):  
Pavement Design ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Rigid Pavement ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Pavement Condition ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Pavement Damage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
National Road

Road agencies around the world note the aging of the national road network and the accelerated destruction of pavement during operation due to changes in the composition of the traffic. Many scientific studies have noted that cracks of various configurations, depths, origins are the most characteristic type of pavement damage, make up a significant part of the total area of destruction and are the main danger as the initial stage of more serious damage leading to loss of pavement distribution. Timely detection of hidden cracks in the coating layers and the base layers allows to prevent the destruction of pavement and significantly reduce the cost of road repairs. The purpose of the article is to analyze the methods and criteria for assessing the condition of non-rigid pavement, which contains hidden defects in its structural layers. The results of the analysis make it possible to take into account a particular type of defect when choosing a calculation scheme and the order of calculation of pavement. The analysis proved that the calculated schemes of pavement design do not allow to take into account such indicators of pavement condition as the number of cracks, their position, geometric parameters of hidden cracks, sizes of cracked base blocks, volumetric damage of the layer material. The assumptions and simplifications accepted in the normative documents actually make it impossible to assess the condition and predict the failure of the design of paved roads with cracks. Therefore, the assessment of the condition of non-rigid pavement should be based on probabilistic methods and criteria for assessing the condition of pavement, which allow to take into account the heterogeneity of pavement design, due, inter alia, the presence of cracks in layers of monolithic materials. The next stage of research is the analysis of existing probabilistic methods of designing and assessing the condition of pavement.

scholarly journals Impact of the Cooling Equipment on the Key Design Parameters of a Core–Form Power Transformer

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
Tamás Orosz ◽  
Zoltán Ádám Tamus
Keyword(s):  
Power Transformer ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Previous Algorithm ◽  
Transformer Design ◽  
New Variables ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mathematical Optimisation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The first step in the transformer design process is to find the active part’s key design parameters. This is a non-linear mathematical optimisation task, which becomes more complex if the economic conditions are considered by the capitalisation of the losses. Geometric programming combined with the method of branch and bound can be an effective and accurate tool for this task even in the case of core-form power transformers, when formulating the short-circuit impedance in the required form is problematic. Most of the preliminary design methods consider only the active part of the transformer and the capitalised costs in order to determine the optimal key design parameters. In this paper, an extension of this meta-heuristic transformer optimisation model, which takes the cost of the insulating oil and the cooling equipment into consideration, is presented. Moreover, the impact of the new variables on the optimal key design parameters of a transformer design is examined and compared with the previous algorithm in two different economic scenarios. Significant difference can be found between the optimal set of key-design parameters if these new factors are considered.

Solar Desalination Based on Micro Gas Turbines Driven by Parabolic Dish Collectors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sánchez ◽  
Miguel Rollán ◽  
Lourdes García-Rodríguez ◽  
G. S. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Distillation Unit ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper presents the preliminary design and techno-economic assessment of an innovative solar system for the simultaneous production of water and electricity at small scale, based on the combination of a solar micro gas turbine and a bottoming desalination unit. The proposed layout is such that the former system converts solar energy into electricity and rejects heat that can be used to drive a thermal desalination plant. A design model is developed in order to select the main design parameters for two different desalination technologies, phase change and membrane desalination, in order to better exploit the available electricity and waste heat from the turbine. In addition to the usual design parameters of the mGT, the impact of the size of the collector is also assessed and, for the desalination technologies, a tailored multi-effect distillation unit is analysed through the selection of the corresponding design parameters. A reverse osmosis desalination system is also designed in parallel, based on commercial software currently used by the water industry. The results show that the electricity produced by the solar micro gas turbine can be used to drive a Reverse Osmosis system effectively whereas the exhaust gases could drive a distillation unit. This would decrease the stack temperature of the plant, increasing the overall energy efficiency of the system. Nevertheless, the better thermodynamic performance of this fully integrated system does not translate into a more economical production of water. Indeed, the cost of water turns out lower when coupling the solar microturbine and Reverse Osmosis units only (between 3 and 3.5 €/m3), whilst making further use the available waste heat in a Multi Effect Distillation system rises the cost of water by 15%.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Entrepreneurial Orientation via the Mediating Role of Organizational Learning Capability

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Razan Nofal ◽  
Mais Jaradat
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Intellectual Stimulation ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Idealized Influence ◽  
The Impact

The current research aims to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on entrepreneurial orientation in Jordanian commercial banks, and whether organizational learning capability mediates the effect of transformational leadership on entrepreneurial orientation. Adopting a quantitative research design, data were collected by means of a questionnaire-based survey of employees in Jordanian commercial banks. Based on 330 usable responses, the results revealed the significant effect of transformational leadership and two of its dimensions (inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation) on entrepreneurial orientation. Two other dimensions (idealized influence and individualized consideration) did not contribute to entrepreneurial orientation. Additionally, the results showed that transformational leadership has a significant effect on organizational learning capability, and that organizational learning capability in turn affects entrepreneurial orientation. The findings confirm that organizational learning capability fully mediates the effect of transformational leadership on entrepreneurial orientation. A number of recommendations are advanced, the most important of which is that banks should improve and develop managers’ transformational attributes by training them on how to deal with employees in order to increase their entrepreneurial orientation. Banks should also consider improving their learning capability, as this plays a significant role in enhancing and supporting the effect of transformational leadership attributes on entrepreneurial orientation.

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