Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise training on total and regional body composition in sedentary overweight middle-aged adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheyne E. Donges ◽  
Rob Duffield
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Regional Body Composition ◽  
Total Body

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic endurance training (AET), resistance exercise training (RET), or a control (CON) condition on absolute and relative fat mass (FM) or fat-free mass (FFM) in the total body (TB) and regions of interest (ROIs) of sedentary overweight middle-aged males and females. Following prescreening, 102 subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and strength and aerobic exercise testing. Randomized subjects (male RET, n = 16; female RET, n = 19; male AET, n = 16; and female AET, n = 25) completed supervised and periodized exercise programs (AET, 30–50 min cycling at 70%–75% maximal heart rate; RET, 2–4 sets × 8–10 repetitions of 5–7 exercises at 70%–75% 1 repetition maximum) or a nonexercising control condition (male CON, n = 13 and female CON, n = 13). Changes in absolute and relative TB-FM and TB-FFM and ROI-FM and ROI-FFM were determined. At baseline, and although matched for age and body mass index, males had greater strength, aerobic fitness, body mass, absolute and relative TB-FFM and ROI-FFM, but reduced absolute and relative TB-FM and ROI-FM, compared with females (p < 0.05). After training, both female exercise groups showed equivalent or greater relative improvements in strength and aerobic fitness than did the male exercise groups (p < 0.05); however, the male exercise groups increased TB-FFM and reduced TB-FM more than did the female exercise groups (p < 0.05). Male AET altered absolute FM more than male RET altered absolute FFM, thus resulting in a greater enhancement of relative FFM. Despite equivalent or greater responses to RET or AET by female subjects, the corresponding respective increases in FFM or reductions in FM were lower than those in males, indicating that a biased dose–response relationship exists between sexes following 10 weeks of exercise training.

scholarly journals Examining Bone, Muscle and Fat in Middle-Aged Long-Term Endurance Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Ulrike H. Mitchell ◽  
Bruce Bailey ◽  
Patrick J. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
Total Body

Aerobic exercise training has many known cardiovascular benefits that may promote healthy aging. It is not known if long-term aerobic exercise training is also associated with structural benefits (e.g., lower fat mass, higher areal bone mineral density (BMD) and greater muscle mass). We evaluated these parameters in middle-aged long-term endurance runners compared to sex-, age-, height-, and weight-matched non-running controls. Total and regional lean and fat mass and areal BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sagittal magnetic resonance images captured the cross-sectional area and thickness of the lumbar multifidus. Runners (n = 10; all male) had a mean (standard deviation; SD) age of 49 (4) years, height of 178.9 (4.9) cm, weight of 67.8 (5.8) kg, body mass index (BMI) of 21.4 (1.4) kg/m2 and had been running 82.6 (27.9) km/week for 23 (13) years. Controls (n = 9) had a mean (SD) age of 51 (5) years, height of 176.0 (5.1) cm, weight of 72.8 (7.1) kg, and BMI of 23.7 (2.1) kg/m2. BMI was greater in controls (p = 0.010). When compared to controls on average, runners had a 10 percentage-point greater total body lean mass than controls (p = 0.001) and 14% greater trunk lean mass (p = 0.010), as well as less total body (8.6 kg; p < 0.001), arm (58%; p = 0.002), leg (52%; p < 0.001), trunk (73%; p < 0.001), android (91%; p < 0.001), and gynoid fat mass (64%; p < 0.001). No differences were observed between groups for BMD outcomes or multifidus size. These results underscore the benefits of endurance running to body composition that carry over to middle-age.

Aerobic exercise training reduces epicardial fat in obese men

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maeng-Kyu Kim ◽  
Tsugio Tomita ◽  
Mi-Ji Kim ◽  
Hiroyuki Sasai ◽  
Seiji Maeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Epicardial Fat ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Epicardial Fat Thickness ◽  
Supervised Exercise ◽  
Fat Thickness

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise training on ventricular epicardial fat thickness in obese men and to investigate the relationship of the change in epicardial fat thickness to changes in abdominal fat tissue following exercise training. Twenty-four obese middle-aged men [age, 49.4 ± 9.6 yr; weight, 87.7 ± 11.2 kg; body mass index (BMI), 30.7 ± 3.3 kg/m2; peak oxygen consumption, 28.4 ± 7.2 ml·kg−1·min−1; means ± SD] participated in this study. Each participant completed a 12-wk supervised exercise training program (60–70% of the maximal heart rate; 60 min/day, 3 days/wk) and underwent a transthoracic echocardiography. The epicardial fat thickness on the free wall of the right ventricle was measured from both parasternal long- and short-axis views. The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissues were measured by computed tomography. Following exercise training, the epicardial fat thickness was significantly decreased ( P < 0.001). The percentage change of epicardial fat thickness was twice as high compared with those of waist, BMI, and body weight of original values ( P <0.05). There was a significant relationship ( r = 0.525, P = 0.008) between changes in the epicardial fat thickness and VAT with exercise training. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the change in VAT, change in systolic blood pressure, and change in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index were independently related to the change epicardial fat thickness ( P < 0.05). The ventricular epicardial fat thickness is reduced significantly after aerobic exercise training and is associated with a decrease in VAT. These results suggest that aerobic exercise training may be an effective nonpharmacological strategy for decreasing the ventricular epicardial fat thickness and visceral fat area in obese middle-aged men.

Changes in blood lipids consequent to aerobic exercise training related to changes in body fatness and aerobic fitness

Metabolism ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Katzmarzyk ◽  
Arthur S. Leon ◽  
Tuomo Rankinen ◽  
J. Gagnon ◽  
James S. Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Body Fatness

Abstract P095: Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Endothelin-1-mediated Vasoconstriction In Postmenopausal Women

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M Wenner ◽  
Caitlin Dow ◽  
Jared Greiner ◽  
Brian Stauffer ◽  
Christopher Desouza
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Vasodilator Response ◽  
Exercise Induced

Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated in postmenopausal women (PMW), contributing to their increased cardiovascular risk. Although aerobic exercise is beneficial in reducing ET-1 system activity in men, it is unknown whether this favorable vascular effect is conferred in women. In fact, contrary to men, it is uncertain whether aerobic exercise training improves endothelial dysfunction in PMW. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training reduces ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction in PMW. We further hypothesized reductions in ET-1 vasoconstrictor tone underly exercise-induced improvements in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in PMW. Methods: Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial infusion of selective ET A receptor blockade (BQ-123, 100 nmol/min for 60 min), acetylcholine (4.0, 8.0 and 16.0 μg/100 mL tissue/min) in the absence and presence of ET A receptor blockade and sodium nitroprusside (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/100 mL tissue/min) were determined before and after a 12-week aerobic exercise training intervention in 20 healthy, sedentary PMW (56 + 1 yr). Results: All 20 PMW completed the exercise intervention, walking an average of 4.9 + 0.1 d/wk for 50 + 2 min/d at 71 + 1% of maximal heart rate. After the exercise intervention, BQ-123 elicited no significant change in resting FBF in the previously sedentary PMW compared with significant vasodilation (~25%) before exercise. FBF responses to acetylcholine were markedly higher (~25%; P<0.05) after (from 4.3 + 0.3 to 13.8 + 0.8 mL/100 ml tissue/min) vs before (from 4.1 + 0.2 to 11.3 + 0.8 mL/100 ml tissue/min) exercise training. Moreover, before exercise training the co-infusion of BQ-123 with acetylcholine enhanced (~25%; P<0.05) the vasodilator response (from 4.3 + 0.3 to 13.7 + 0.7 mL/100 mL tissue/min) compared with acetylcholine alone; after exercise training, the presence of BQ-123 did not significantly affect the vasodilator response to acetylcholine. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that aerobic exercise training reduces ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction in PMW. Furthermore, decreased ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction is an important mechanism underlying aerobic exercise-induced improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in PMW.

Aerobic exercise training reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration in older women

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Maeda ◽  
Takumi Tanabe ◽  
Takashi Miyauchi ◽  
Takeshi Otsuki ◽  
Jun Sugawara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Endothelin 1

Endothelial function deteriorates with aging. On the other hand, exercise training improves the function of vascular endothelial cells. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), which is produced by vascular endothelial cells, has potent constrictor and proliferative activity in vascular smooth muscle cells and, therefore, has been implicated in regulation of vascular tonus and progression of atherosclerosis. We previously reported significantly higher plasma ET-1 concentration in middle-aged than in young humans, and recently we showed that plasma ET-1 concentration was significantly decreased by aerobic exercise training in healthy young humans. We hypothesized that plasma ET-1 concentration increases with age, even in healthy adults, and that lifestyle modification (i.e., exercise) can reduce plasma ET-1 concentration in previously sedentary older adults. We measured plasma ET-1 concentration in healthy young women (21–28 yr old), healthy middle-aged women (31–47 yr old), and healthy older women (61–69 yr old). The plasma level of ET-1 significantly increased with aging (1.02 ± 0.08, 1.33 ± 0.11, and 2.90 ± 0.20 pg/ml in young, middle-aged, and older women, respectively). Thus plasma ET-1 concentration was markedly higher in healthy older women than in healthy young or middle-aged women (by ∼3- and 2-fold, respectively). In healthy older women, we also measured plasma ET-1 concentration after 3 mo of aerobic exercise (cycling on a leg ergometer at 80% of ventilatory threshold for 30 min, 5 days/wk). Regular exercise significantly decreased plasma ET-1 concentration in the healthy older women (2.22 ± 0.16 pg/ml, P < 0.01) and also significantly reduced their blood pressure. The present study suggests that regular aerobic-endurance exercise reduces plasma ET-1 concentration in older humans, and this reduction in plasma ET-1 concentration may have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e., prevention of progression of hypertension and/or atherosclerosis by endogenous ET-1).

Aerobic Exercise Training-Induced Reductions in Abdominal Fat and Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Responses in Middle-Aged and Older Men

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1055-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Pratley ◽  
James M. Hagberg ◽  
Donald R. Dengel ◽  
Ellen M. Rogus ◽  
Denis C. Muller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Insulin Responses
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