Chromosome instability in somaclones of a Triticum crassum × Hordeum vulgare hybrid

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Fedak ◽  
John Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Immature Inflorescence ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Subsequent Regeneration

Immature inflorescence culture and subsequent plant regeneration was practiced for four successive cycles using a Triticum crassum × Hordeum vulgare hybrid cultured on Kao's medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (5 mg/mL). In one line, chromosomal mixoploidy was observed among both mitotic and meiotic cells. Variation in chromosome number of 20 to 98 was observed in mitotic and 14 to 68 among meiocytes in the first cycle regenerants. The range in chromosome number decreased in subsequent regeneration cycles. Fragmented chromosomes were observed at low frequencies in both groups of cells. The high frequency of univalents at meiosis was attributed to possible elimination of chromosomes carrying meiotic pairing control genes.Key words: somaclonal variation, hybrids (intergeneric), tissue culture, chromosomal mixoploidy.

CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY IN A HYBRID BETWEEN HORDEUM VULGARE AND SECALE VAVILOVII

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Fedak ◽  
Chiharu Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chiasma Frequency ◽  
Chromosomal Instability ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Unreduced Gamete ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Mean

A hybrid was obtained between Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Betzes (2n = 2x = 14) and Secale vavilovii [Nürn. (2n = 2x = 14)] in which chromosome instability was observed in somatic and meiotic tissues. In somatic tissue the chromosomes per cell varied from 7 to 24 with a mean of 19.7. Similarly in meiotic tissue the chromosome number varied from 14 to 26 with a mean of 18.3. The mean chiasma frequency was 12.9 consisting of an average Ml configuration of 0.02IV + 0.3III + 6.68II + 3.92I. It was concluded that the hybrid was derived from the union of an unreduced gamete from Betzes barley with a normal gamete from S. vavilovii.

Absorption and Dissipation of TCA by Wheat and Oats

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. P. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

In the greenhouse, five crops were grown in soil containing trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 3 to 24 ppm. Based on seedling yields, corn (Zea mays L., var. Morden 88) and oats (Avena sativa L., var. Rodney) were relatively tolerant to TCA at all rates, barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Conquest) and rye (Secale cereale L., var. Antelope) were tolerant at lower rates, but wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Manitou) suffered injury at all rates. When TCA-2-14C was applied to the roots of wheat and oats seedlings in water or nutrient solution, wheat seedlings absorbed more TCA-2-14C than oats. Potassium cyanide (KCN) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) decreased TCA-2-14C absorption by wheat more than that by oats. From 5 to 21 days after application, wheat retained two to four times as much TCA-2-14C as oats. Thus, half of the TCA-2-14C in shoots and roots of wheat disappeared in 11.3 and 11.4 days, respectively, compared with 7.9 and 3.5 days for oats. Based on this investigation, the difference in susceptibility of wheat and oats to TCA appeared to be governed by the metabolic processes involved in absorption and dissipation.

scholarly journals High Frequency Plant Regeneration System from Transverse Thin Cell Layer Section of In vitro Derived ‘Nadia’ Ginger Microrhizome

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Dikash Singh THINGBAIJAM ◽  
Devi Sunitibala HUIDROM
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Thin Cell Layer ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Transverse Thin Cell Layer ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

An efficient and reproducible procedure is outlined for rapid in vitro multiplication of Zingiber officinale var. ‘Nadia’ through high frequency shoot proliferation from transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) sections of in vitro derived microrhizome. In vitro derived microrhizome of size 500 μm in thickness was used as initial explants for induction of somatic embryos. Among the different phytohormones tested, tTCL explants shows maximum calli proliferation in medium containing 2 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (88.30±0.11%). Reduced concentration of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was supplemented with different cytokinins for regeneration of callus. Among the different medium tested, optimum redifferentiation of somatic embryos were observed in medium containing 0.2 mg/L 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6.0 mg/L BAP (141.08±0.25). Clump of regenerated plantlets were further subculture and transfer into microrhizome inducing medium containing high sucrose concentration (8%). Plantlets with well developed microrhizome were successfully acclimatized and eventually transferred to the field. The application of studying embryo section for regeneration of plants might be useful alternative to ginger improvement programme. Histological analysis showed formation of somatic embryos and regenerated adventitious shoot.

Culture methods and detection of glucanases in suspension cultures of wheat and barley

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluf L. Gamborg ◽  
D. E. Eveleigh
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Suspension cultures of Triticum monococcum L., Triticum vulgare Vill. var. Thatcher, Hordeum vulgare L. var. Gateway, and Hordeum vulgare L. var. Gateway mutant yv2 have been established. The cultures were derived from root sections of seedlings and cultured in a denned medium consisting of mineral salts, sucrose, B vitamins, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with nitrate and ammonia as the sources of nitrogen. In the early period of the cultures the cell aggregates readily, differentiated to form roots, but this characteristic diminished after several generations of subculture. The cells and medium contained a number of glucanases. The presence of a laminaranase (endo-β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.99)) that did not attack lichenan was established. The culture media of the wheat contained an oligosaccharide which on acid hydrolysis yielded galactose, arabinose, and xylose. Hydrolysis of a cell-wall fraction yielded the same sugars in addition to glucose and mannose.

Plant regeneration and chromosome instability in tissue culture of Elymus canadensis × E. trachycaulus F1 hybrid

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Kumar ◽  
P. D. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Instability ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Immature Inflorescence ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Callus Initiation ◽  
Elymus Canadensis

Callus was induced from pieces of immature inflorescence of a sterile F1 hybrid (2n = 4x = 28) between Elymus canadensis and E. trachycaulus on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L of 2,4-D. Calli were of two types: compact or soft. Regeneration occurred predominantly from the compact callus. Although some plantlets were obtained on the callus initiation medium, the frequency of regeneration increased considerably when the callus was transferred to an auxin-free MS medium. Deliberate aging of callus induced cytological instability and variation in chromosome number of the regenerants. Five of the 43 regenerated plants had deviant chromosome numbers, including an octoploid (2n = 8x = 56). Chromosome pairing in the octoploid plant suggests that it originated through chromosome doubling.Key words: callus culture, variation, chromosome number.

The cytology of hybrids between Hordeum vulgare and H. bulbosum revisited

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Jie ◽  
J. W. Snape
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Somatic Chromosome ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Chromosome 6 ◽  
Hordeum Bulbosum ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
C Banding

Diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids were produced from crosses between four Hordeum vulgare varieties and two diploid and two tetraploid Hordeum bulbosum genotypes. These were studied cytologically using a C-banding technique as well as with conventional staining procedures. C-banding of mitotic preparations of the hybrids enabled all H. vulgare chromosomes to be identified individually, although only the satellited chromosome of H. bulbosum could be distinguished from the others of this genome. Most diploid hybrids had stable somatic chromosome constitutions (2n = 14), although 4 out of 39 plants had a mosaic constitution. Chromosome counts of triploid hybrids, however, revealed that about 40% of plants had a mosaic somatic constitution ranging from 7–22 chromosomes per cell, although 21-chromosome cells were at the highest frequency. Studies of meiosis in diploid hybrids showed that the frequency of pairing between H. vulgare and H. bulbosum chromosomes varied between different cross combinations and appeared to be mainly under the control of the H. bulbosum genome. C-banding revealed that H. vulgare chromosome 6 paired with the satellited chromosome of H. bulbosum. However, this latter chromosome was also absent in the majority of aneuploid cells and appeared to be the first to be eliminated. Meiosis in triploid hybrids was characterized by the presence of univalents, bivalents, and trivalents and, infrequently, higher order associations. Bivalents were formed mainly from pairing between H. bulbosum chromosomes alone, although trivalents were formed from pairing between two H. bulbosum and one H. vulgare chromosomes. All univalents, in cells that contained less than seven, were H. vulgare chromosomes. Overall, these results indicate that a high frequency of homoeologous allosyndesis can occur between the chromosomes of these two species, but it does depend on the H. bulbosum genotype used. It should be possible to introgress genes into H. vulgare through the use of H. bulbosum genotypes that have low frequencies of elimination and high chromosome pairing.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, H. bulbosum, C-banding, chromosome pairing.

scholarly journals High Frequency of Somatic Embryogenesis and Recover of Fertile Cucumber Plants

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 792-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula P. Chee
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Bipolar Structure ◽  
Hypocotyl Explants ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A simple procedure for regeneration of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Poinsett 76) from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants has been developed. Somatic embryogenesis was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium supplemented with 2,4-D at 2.0 mg·liter-1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter-1. Development of embryos was accomplished on MS medium with NAA at 1.0 mg·liter-1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter-1. Eighty-five percent of the mature somatic embryos formed showed a typical bipolar structure. All developed into morphologically normal plantlets when transferred to MS medium containing no growth regulators. Chemical name used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

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