The nucleotypic effects of cellular DNA content in cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes

Genome ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Hardie ◽  
Paul D.N Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nucleus Size ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Cellular Dna

Cytological and organismal characteristics associated with cellular DNA content underpin most adaptionist interpretations of genome size variation. Since fishes are the only group of vertebrate for which relationships between genome size and key cellular parameters are uncertain, the cytological correlates of genome size were examined in this group. The cell and nuclear areas of erythrocytes showed a highly significant positive correlation with each other and with genome size across 22 cartilaginous and 201 ray-finned fishes. Regressions remained significant at all taxonomic levels, as well as among different fish lineages. However, the results revealed that cartilaginous fishes possess higher cytogenomic ratios than ray-finned fishes, as do cold-water fishes relative to their warm-water counterparts. Increases in genome size owing to ploidy shifts were found to influence cell and nucleus size in an immediate and causative manner, an effect that persists in ancient polyploid lineages. These correlations with cytological parameters known to have important influences on organismal phenotypes support an adaptive interpretation for genome size variation in fishes.Key words: evolution, genome size, DNA content, cell size, erythrocyte size, fishes, nucleotypic effect.

scholarly journals Miscanthus: Inter- and Intraspecific Genome Size Variation Among M. × Giganteus, M. Sinensis, M. Sacchariflorus Accessions

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Sandra Cichorz ◽  
Maria Gośka ◽  
Monika Rewers
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
2C Dna Content ◽  
Cytological Characteristics ◽  
Stomatal Length

AbstractSinceM. sinensisAnderss.,M. sacchariflorus(Maxim.) Hack. andM. ×giganteusJ.M.Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. and Renvoize have considerably the highest potential for biomass production amongMiscanthusAnderss. species, there is an urgent need to broaden the knowledge about cytological characteristics required for their improvement. In this study our objectives were to assess the genome size variation among eighteenMiscanthusaccessions, as well as estimation of the monoploid genome size (2C and Cx) of theM. sinensiscultivars, which have not been analyzed yet. The characterization of threeMiscanthusspecies was performed with the use of flow cytometry and analysis of the stomatal length. The triploid (2n = 3x = 57)M. sinensis‘Goliath’ andM. ×giganteusclones possessed the highest 2C DNA content (8.34 pg and 7.43 pg, respectively). The intermediate 2C-values were found in the nuclei of the diploid (2n = 2x = 38)M. sinensisaccessions (5.52–5.72 pg), whereas they were the lowest in the diploid (2n = 2x = 38)M. sacchariflorusecotypes (4.58–4.59 pg). The presented study revealed interspecific variation of nuclear DNA content (P<0.01) and therefore allowed for recognition of particular taxa, inter- and intraspecific hybrids and prediction of potential parental components. Moreover, intraspecific genome size variation (P<0.01) was observed inM. sinensiscultivars at 3.62%. The values of the stomatal size obtained for the triploidM. ×giganteus‘Great Britain’ (mean 30.70 μm) or ‘Canada’ (mean 29.67 μm) and diploidM. sinensis‘Graziella’ (mean 29.96 μm) did not differ significantly, therefore this parameter is not recommended for ploidy estimation.

scholarly journals How small and constrained is the genome size of angiosperm woody species

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Ohri
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Woody Habit ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

AbstractAngiosperm hardwood species are generally considered to show an average smaller genome size with a narrow range of variation than their herbaceous counterparts. Various explanations pertaining to limitations of cell size exerted by wood fibers, the requirement of smaller stomata, longer generation time, large population size, etc., have been put forward to account for their small and constrained genome size. Yet studies done in the past several years show that genomically as well as evolutionarily, hardwoods are as diverse and active as their herbaceous counterparts. This is entirely supported by the presence of well developed inter and intraspecific polyploid series and natural triploidy in many genera. Polyploidy, in some instances has been shown to confer adaptability to arid and salt stress conditions and in colonization of new areas. Moreover, hardwoods also show reasonable amenability to the induced polyploidy which abruptly changes the balance between nuclear and cell size. Polyploidy has been induced in many hardwoods to restore fertility in interspecific hybrids and for the production of triploids.Furthermore, some cases studied show that genome size variation in hardwoods can be as variable as that of herbaceous species. Genome size has been shown to vary remarkably both at homoploid level as well as by polyploidy in certain genera. In the same way, the genome size is not correlated with the habit in certain groups having both herbaceous and woody taxa. This point is further proved by the presence of secondary and insular woody habit in certain cases where either the transition to woodiness is not followed by any diminution in the genome size, or the genome size of insular woody species may be even more than that of the congeneric herbaceous species. This shows that woody habit does not by itself put any constraints on the genome size either at homoploid or at polyploidy levels. The genome size in fact, not only varies significantly in many congeneric woody species but also may not show any correlation with the habit when woody and herbaceous species are compared in some narrow taxonomic groups studied.

scholarly journals Genome size variation inMeliponaspecies (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and sub-grouping by their DNA content

Apidologie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Garcia Tavares ◽  
Carlos Roberto Carvalho ◽  
Fernanda Aparecida Ferrari Soares
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation

Genome size increases in recently diverged hornwort clades

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian D. Bainard ◽  
Juan Carlos Villarreal
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Ancestral Reconstruction ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Dna Content Variation ◽  
Size Estimates

As our knowledge of plant genome size estimates continues to grow, one group has continually been neglected: the hornworts. Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) have been traditionally grouped with liverworts and mosses because they share a haploid dominant life cycle; however, recent molecular studies place hornworts as the sister lineage to extant tracheophytes. Given the scarcity of information regarding the DNA content of hornworts, our objective was to estimate the 1C-value for a range of hornwort species within a phylogenetic context. Using flow cytometry, we estimated genome size for 36 samples representing 24 species. This accounts for roughly 10% of known hornwort species. Haploid genome sizes (1C-value) ranged from 160 Mbp or 0.16 pg (Leiosporoceros dussii) to 719 Mbp or 0.73 pg (Nothoceros endiviifolius). The average 1C-value was 261 ± 104 Mbp (0.27 ± 0.11 pg). Ancestral reconstruction of genome size on a hornwort phylogeny suggests a small ancestral genome size and revealed increases in genome size in the most recently divergent clades. Much more work is needed to understand DNA content variation in this phylogenetically important group, but this work has significantly increased our knowledge of genome size variation in hornworts.

scholarly journals Substantial intraspecific genome size variation in golden-brown algae and its phenotypic consequences

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 1077-1087
Author(s):  
Dora Čertnerová ◽  
Pavel Škaloud
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Adaptive Consequences ◽  
Genomic Gc Content

Abstract Background and Aims While nuclear DNA content variation and its phenotypic consequences have been well described for animals, vascular plants and macroalgae, much less about this topic is known regarding unicellular algae and protists in general. The dearth of data is especially pronounced when it comes to intraspecific genome size variation. This study attempts to investigate the extent of intraspecific variability in genome size and its adaptive consequences in a microalgal species. Methods Propidium iodide flow cytometry was used to estimate the absolute genome size of 131 strains (isolates) of the golden-brown alga Synura petersenii (Chrysophyceae, Stramenopiles), identified by identical internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA barcodes. Cell size, growth rate and genomic GC content were further assessed on a sub-set of strains. Geographic location of 67 sampling sites across the Northern hemisphere was used to extract climatic database data and to evaluate the ecogeographical distribution of genome size diversity. Key Results Genome size ranged continuously from 0.97 to 2.02 pg of DNA across the investigated strains. The genome size was positively associated with cell size and negatively associated with growth rate. Bioclim variables were not correlated with genome size variation. No clear trends in the geographical distribution of strains of a particular genome size were detected, and strains of different genome size occasionally coexisted at the same locality. Genomic GC content was significantly associated only with genome size via a quadratic relationship. Conclusions Genome size variability in S. petersenii was probably triggered by an evolutionary mechanism operating via gradual changes in genome size accompanied by changes in genomic GC content, such as, for example, proliferation of transposable elements. The variation was reflected in cell size and relative growth rate, possibly with adaptive consequences.

Genome-size evolution in fishes

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1636-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Hardie ◽  
Paul DN Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Evolution ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
Size Estimates

Fishes possess both the largest and smallest vertebrate genomes, but the evolutionary significance of this variation is unresolved. The present study provides new genome-size estimates for more than 500 species, with a focus on the cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes. These results confirm that genomes are smaller in ray-finned than in cartilaginous fishes, with the exception of polyploids, which account for much genome-size variation in both groups. Genome-size diversity in ray-finned fishes is not related to metabolic rate, but is positively correlated with egg diameter, suggesting linkages to the evolution of parental care. Freshwater and other eurybiotic fishes have larger genomes than their marine and stenobiotic counterparts. Although genome-size diversity among the fishes appears less clearly linked to any single biological correlate than in the birds, mammals, or amphibians, this study highlights several particularly variable taxa that are suitable for further study.

Genome size evolution in Ontario ferns (Polypodiidae): evolutionary correlations with cell size, spore size, and habitat type and an absence of genome downsizing

Genome ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Henry ◽  
Jillian D. Bainard ◽  
Steven G. Newmaster
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Spore Size ◽  
Genome Size Evolution

Genome size is known to correlate with a number of traits in angiosperms, but less is known about the phenotypic correlates of genome size in ferns. We explored genome size variation in relation to a suite of morphological and ecological traits in ferns. Thirty-six fern taxa were collected from wild populations in Ontario, Canada. 2C DNA content was measured using flow cytometry. We tested for genome downsizing following polyploidy using a phylogenetic comparative analysis to explore the correlation between 1Cx DNA content and ploidy. There was no compelling evidence for the occurrence of widespread genome downsizing during the evolution of Ontario ferns. The relationship between genome size and 11 morphological and ecological traits was explored using a phylogenetic principal component regression analysis. Genome size was found to be significantly associated with cell size, spore size, spore type, and habitat type. These results are timely as past and recent studies have found conflicting support for the association between ploidy/genome size and spore size in fern polyploid complexes; this study represents the first comparative analysis of the trend across a broad taxonomic group of ferns.

Documenting Intraspecfic Genome Size Variation in Soybean

Crop Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lane Rayburn ◽  
D. P. Biradar ◽  
R. L. Nelson ◽  
R. McCloskey ◽  
K. M. Yeater
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation

scholarly journals Genome size variation in deep-sea amphipods

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 170862 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ritchie ◽  
A. J. Jamieson ◽  
S. B. Piertney
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Independent Contrast

Genome size varies considerably across taxa, and extensive research effort has gone into understanding whether variation can be explained by differences in key ecological and life-history traits among species. The extreme environmental conditions that characterize the deep sea have been hypothesized to promote large genome sizes in eukaryotes. Here we test this supposition by examining genome sizes among 13 species of deep-sea amphipods from the Mariana, Kermadec and New Hebrides trenches. Genome sizes were estimated using flow cytometry and found to vary nine-fold, ranging from 4.06 pg (4.04 Gb) in Paralicella caperesca to 34.79 pg (34.02 Gb) in Alicella gigantea . Phylogenetic independent contrast analysis identified a relationship between genome size and maximum body size, though this was largely driven by those species that display size gigantism. There was a distinct shift in the genome size trait diversification rate in the supergiant amphipod A. gigantea relative to the rest of the group. The variation in genome size observed is striking and argues against genome size being driven by a common evolutionary history, ecological niche and life-history strategy in deep-sea amphipods.

scholarly journals Patterns of genome size variation in snapping shrimp

Genome ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
Kristin Hultgren ◽  
Solomon Tin Chi Chak ◽  
T. Ryan Gregory ◽  
Dustin R. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Chromosome Size ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Large Genome ◽  
Large Genome Size ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Geographic Regions

Although crustaceans vary extensively in genome size, little is known about how genome size may affect the ecology and evolution of species in this diverse group, in part due to the lack of large genome size datasets. Here we investigate interspecific, intraspecific, and intracolony variation in genome size in 39 species of Synalpheus shrimps, representing one of the largest genome size datasets for a single genus within crustaceans. We find that genome size ranges approximately 4-fold across Synalpheus with little phylogenetic signal, and is not related to body size. In a subset of these species, genome size is related to chromosome size, but not to chromosome number, suggesting that despite large genomes, these species are not polyploid. Interestingly, there appears to be 35% intraspecific genome size variation in Synalpheus idios among geographic regions, and up to 30% variation in Synalpheus duffyi genome size within the same colony.

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