Genome size increases in recently diverged hornwort clades

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian D. Bainard ◽  
Juan Carlos Villarreal
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Ancestral Reconstruction ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Dna Content Variation ◽  
Size Estimates

As our knowledge of plant genome size estimates continues to grow, one group has continually been neglected: the hornworts. Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) have been traditionally grouped with liverworts and mosses because they share a haploid dominant life cycle; however, recent molecular studies place hornworts as the sister lineage to extant tracheophytes. Given the scarcity of information regarding the DNA content of hornworts, our objective was to estimate the 1C-value for a range of hornwort species within a phylogenetic context. Using flow cytometry, we estimated genome size for 36 samples representing 24 species. This accounts for roughly 10% of known hornwort species. Haploid genome sizes (1C-value) ranged from 160 Mbp or 0.16 pg (Leiosporoceros dussii) to 719 Mbp or 0.73 pg (Nothoceros endiviifolius). The average 1C-value was 261 ± 104 Mbp (0.27 ± 0.11 pg). Ancestral reconstruction of genome size on a hornwort phylogeny suggests a small ancestral genome size and revealed increases in genome size in the most recently divergent clades. Much more work is needed to understand DNA content variation in this phylogenetically important group, but this work has significantly increased our knowledge of genome size variation in hornworts.

scholarly journals Miscanthus: Inter- and Intraspecific Genome Size Variation Among M. × Giganteus, M. Sinensis, M. Sacchariflorus Accessions

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Sandra Cichorz ◽  
Maria Gośka ◽  
Monika Rewers
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
2C Dna Content ◽  
Cytological Characteristics ◽  
Stomatal Length

AbstractSinceM. sinensisAnderss.,M. sacchariflorus(Maxim.) Hack. andM. ×giganteusJ.M.Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. and Renvoize have considerably the highest potential for biomass production amongMiscanthusAnderss. species, there is an urgent need to broaden the knowledge about cytological characteristics required for their improvement. In this study our objectives were to assess the genome size variation among eighteenMiscanthusaccessions, as well as estimation of the monoploid genome size (2C and Cx) of theM. sinensiscultivars, which have not been analyzed yet. The characterization of threeMiscanthusspecies was performed with the use of flow cytometry and analysis of the stomatal length. The triploid (2n = 3x = 57)M. sinensis‘Goliath’ andM. ×giganteusclones possessed the highest 2C DNA content (8.34 pg and 7.43 pg, respectively). The intermediate 2C-values were found in the nuclei of the diploid (2n = 2x = 38)M. sinensisaccessions (5.52–5.72 pg), whereas they were the lowest in the diploid (2n = 2x = 38)M. sacchariflorusecotypes (4.58–4.59 pg). The presented study revealed interspecific variation of nuclear DNA content (P<0.01) and therefore allowed for recognition of particular taxa, inter- and intraspecific hybrids and prediction of potential parental components. Moreover, intraspecific genome size variation (P<0.01) was observed inM. sinensiscultivars at 3.62%. The values of the stomatal size obtained for the triploidM. ×giganteus‘Great Britain’ (mean 30.70 μm) or ‘Canada’ (mean 29.67 μm) and diploidM. sinensis‘Graziella’ (mean 29.96 μm) did not differ significantly, therefore this parameter is not recommended for ploidy estimation.

scholarly journals Genome size variation inMeliponaspecies (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and sub-grouping by their DNA content

Apidologie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Garcia Tavares ◽  
Carlos Roberto Carvalho ◽  
Fernanda Aparecida Ferrari Soares
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation

Nuclear DNA content in Sinningia (Gesneriaceae); intraspecific genome size variation and genome characterization in S. speciosa

Genome ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1066-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zaitlin ◽  
Andrew J. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Genome Survey ◽  
Size Estimates

The Gesneriaceae (Lamiales) is a family of flowering plants comprising >3000 species of mainly tropical origin, the most familiar of which is the cultivated African violet ( Saintpaulia spp.). Species of Gesneriaceae are poorly represented in the lists of taxa sampled for genome size estimation; measurements are available for three species of Ramonda and one each of Haberlea , Saintpaulia, and Streptocarpus , all species of Old World origin. We report here nuclear genome size estimates for 10 species of Sinningia , a neotropical genus largely restricted to Brazil. Flow cytometry of leaf cell nuclei showed that holoploid genome size in Sinningia is very small (approximately two times the size of the Arabidopsis genome), and is small compared to the other six species of Gesneriaceae with genome size estimates. We also documented intraspecific genome size variation of 21%–26% within a group of wild Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern collections. In addition, we analyzed 1210 genome survey sequences from S. speciosa to characterize basic features of the nuclear genome such as guanine–cytosine content, types of repetitive elements, numbers of protein-coding sequences, and sequences unique to S. speciosa. We included several other angiosperm species as genome size standards, one of which was the snapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus L.; Veronicaceae, Lamiales). Multiple measurements on three accessions indicated that the genome size of A. majus is ∼633 × 106 base pairs, which is approximately 40% of the previously published estimate.

The nucleotypic effects of cellular DNA content in cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes

Genome ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Hardie ◽  
Paul D.N Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Nucleus Size ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Cellular Dna

Cytological and organismal characteristics associated with cellular DNA content underpin most adaptionist interpretations of genome size variation. Since fishes are the only group of vertebrate for which relationships between genome size and key cellular parameters are uncertain, the cytological correlates of genome size were examined in this group. The cell and nuclear areas of erythrocytes showed a highly significant positive correlation with each other and with genome size across 22 cartilaginous and 201 ray-finned fishes. Regressions remained significant at all taxonomic levels, as well as among different fish lineages. However, the results revealed that cartilaginous fishes possess higher cytogenomic ratios than ray-finned fishes, as do cold-water fishes relative to their warm-water counterparts. Increases in genome size owing to ploidy shifts were found to influence cell and nucleus size in an immediate and causative manner, an effect that persists in ancient polyploid lineages. These correlations with cytological parameters known to have important influences on organismal phenotypes support an adaptive interpretation for genome size variation in fishes.Key words: evolution, genome size, DNA content, cell size, erythrocyte size, fishes, nucleotypic effect.

Genome-size evolution in fishes

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1636-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Hardie ◽  
Paul DN Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Evolution ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
Cartilaginous Fishes ◽  
Egg Diameter ◽  
Size Estimates

Fishes possess both the largest and smallest vertebrate genomes, but the evolutionary significance of this variation is unresolved. The present study provides new genome-size estimates for more than 500 species, with a focus on the cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes. These results confirm that genomes are smaller in ray-finned than in cartilaginous fishes, with the exception of polyploids, which account for much genome-size variation in both groups. Genome-size diversity in ray-finned fishes is not related to metabolic rate, but is positively correlated with egg diameter, suggesting linkages to the evolution of parental care. Freshwater and other eurybiotic fishes have larger genomes than their marine and stenobiotic counterparts. Although genome-size diversity among the fishes appears less clearly linked to any single biological correlate than in the birds, mammals, or amphibians, this study highlights several particularly variable taxa that are suitable for further study.

Genome size and base composition of seven Quercus species: inter- and intra-population variation

Genome ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Zoldos ◽  
D Papes ◽  
S C Brown ◽  
O Panaud ◽  
S Siljak-Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
French Population ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Quercus Species ◽  
Dna Content Variation ◽  
Two Populations

Seven Quercus species, four deciduous (Q. cerris, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, andQ. robur) and three evergreen (Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, andQ. suber), were assessed for DNA content. Their genome sizes ranged from 1.88 to 2.00 pg/2C, namely an interspecific DNA content variation of 6%. In addition, the DNA content of several populations of Q. petraea andQ. robur with different geographical origins, French and Croatian, was estimated. DNA content did not vary among four populations of Q. robur, but did differ between two populations of Q. petraea, the French population having a higher 2C DNA value than the Croatian. The genome size of this French population showed important dispersion among 10 measured individuals. This was in accordance with subsequent cytogenetic data that revealed extra chromosomes in some individuals from this population. The percent GC varied little between the species; a GC content of 39.9% is established as typical for oak.Key words: Quercus, flow cytometry, genome size, GC percent, DNA content variations, extra chromosomes.

Phylogenetic determination of the pace of transposable element proliferation in plants: copia and LINE-like elements in Gossypium

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Hawkins ◽  
Guanjing Hu ◽  
Ryan A. Rapp ◽  
Jessie L. Grafenberg ◽  
Jonathan F. Wendel
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Genus One ◽  
Copia Retrotransposons

Transposable elements contribute significantly to plant genome evolution in myriad ways, ranging from local insertional mutations to global effects exerted on genome size through accumulation. Differential accumulation and deletion of transposable elements may profoundly affect genome size, even among members of the same genus. One example is that of Gossypium (cotton), where much of the 3-fold genome size variation is due to differential accumulation of one gypsy-like LTR retrotransposon, Gorge3. Copia and non-LTR LINE retrotransposons are also major components of the Gossypium genome, but unlike Gorge3, their extant copy numbers do not correlate with genome size. In the present study, we describe the nature and timing of transposition for copia and LINE retrotransposons in Gossypium. Our findings indicate that copia retrotransposons have been active in each lineage since divergence from a common ancestor, and that they have proliferated in a punctuated manner. However, the evolutionary history of LINEs contrasts markedly with that of the copia retrotransposons. Although LINEs have also been active in each lineage, they have accumulated in a stochastically regular manner, and phylogenetic analysis suggests that extant LINE populations in Gossypium are dominated by ancient insertions. Interestingly, the magnitude of transpositional bursts in each lineage corresponds directly with extant estimated copy number.

scholarly journals Genome Size and Ploidy Levels of Cercis (Redbud) Species, Cultivars, and Botanical Varieties

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Roberts ◽  
Dennis J. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Size Estimates ◽  
Botanical Varieties

Cercis is an ancient member of Fabaceae, often cultivated as an ornamental tree, and can be found in numerous regions around the world. Previous studies have reported Cercis canadensis as being diploid with 2n = 2x = 14. However, there have been no further investigations into ploidy and genome size variation among Cercis taxa. A study was conducted to evaluate the relative genome size and ploidy levels of numerous species, cultivars, and botanical varieties of Cercis, representing taxa found in North America, Asia, and the Middle East. In addition, the genome size of Bauhinia forficata, a close relative of Cercis, was also determined. Genome size estimates (2C values) were determined by calculating the mean fluorescence of stained nuclei via flow cytometry. Propidium iodide was used as the staining agent and Glycine max was used as an internal standard for each taxon analyzed. Genome size estimates for all Cercis sampled ranged from 0.70 to 0.81 pg with an average size of 0.75 pg. The genome size of B. forficata was found to be smaller than any other Bauhinia sp. currently on record, with an average size of 0.87 pg. This study confirmed an initial estimation of the genome size of Cercis chinensis and found that floral buds of Cercis proved to be an excellent source of plant tissue for obtaining intact nuclei. All species, botanical varieties, and cultivars of Cercis surveyed for this study had remarkably similar genome sizes despite their wide range of distribution. This information can facilitate a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships within Cercideae and Cercis specifically.

Genome size variation in Pisum sativum

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Greilhuber ◽  
I. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Dna Content Variation ◽  
Stable Genome ◽  
Cytophotometric Analysis

Pisum sativum L. is one of the plant species where infraspecific genome size variation, up to 1.29-fold between cultivars, has been reported. The present investigation deals with a Feulgen cytophotometric analysis of this phenomenon in 25 wild accessions, landraces, and cultivars of widely different geographic origin. Differences between accessions were maximally 1.054-fold in single experiments but proved to be nonreproducible upon repeated measurements. Seedlings of the same accession often differed significantly, up to 1.056-fold, but values from root and shoot tips in one individual were not significantly correlated, indicating the absence of true genome size variation between plants. Upon calibration against Allium cepa a 1C value of 4.42 pg is estimated for Pisum sativum. Altogether the data suggest that, contrary to the divergence in the literature data and recent reports on DNA content variation, the pea has a stable genome size.Key words: Pisum sativum L., genome size variation, Feulgen cytophotometry.

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