Acute effects of suspended sediment angularity on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 862-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal G Lake ◽  
Scott G Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
A Value ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Physical Gill

To determine the roles of suspended sediment angularity and concentration as contributors to stress and mortality in salmonids, we exposed juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to anthropogenically derived "extremely angular" and "round" silicate sediments over a range of concentrations in 96-h experiments. Stress responses (e.g., decreased leukocrit) were elicited by exposure to both sediment shapes when concentrations were >40 g·L-1, corresponding to the minimum concentration at which physical gill damage was observed. Extremely angular sediments also caused stress responses (e.g., elevated hematocrit, decreased leukocrit) at concentrations <41 g·L-1. However, we found no difference between sediment shapes in causing mortality at any sediment concentration. Further, mortalities were not observed until concentrations were about 100 g·L-1, a value that is about an order of magnitude greater than high natural concentrations in salmonid rivers. Natural fluvial suspended sediments cause fish stress and mortality at much lower concentrations than we found with our anthropogenically derived suspended sediments.

scholarly journals Curvas-chave de descargas de sedimentos em suspensão no Baixo São Francisco

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Cavalcanti de Melo ◽  
José Coelho de Araújo Filho ◽  
Renata Maria Caminha Mendes de Oliveira Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Sao Francisco River ◽  
Sediment Loads ◽  
São Francisco River ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations

RESUMOO conhecimento da análise quantitativa das concentrações de sedimentos em suspensão transportados pelo rio São Francisco bem como sua relação com as vazões é de muita importância, pois pode auxiliar na identificação dos efeitos da intervenção humana e ou ocasionados pelas condições naturais da região. As regiões a jusante dos barramentos no rio São Francisco apresentam como principal consequência a regularização das vazões e a diminuição das concentrações de sedimentos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar as curvas-chave de sedimentos em suspensão (CCS) nas estações fluviométricas instaladas no Baixo São Francisco (BSF) após a barragem de Xingó. Para o estabelecimento dessas curvas foram utilizados dados de vazão e concentração de sedimentos em suspensão, obtidos do sistema Hidroweb no site da Agência Nacional da Água (ANA) no período de 1999 a 2018. Foram obtidas CCS para todo o trecho do BSF as quais apresentaram bons coeficientes de determinação. Na análise dos dados também foi possível perceber que nos últimos anos, desde 2013 houve redução gradativa das vazões disponibilizadas na barragem de Xingó. Consequentemente, houve também a redução gradativa das cargas de sedimentos em suspensão geradas nas estações de Piranhas, Traipu e Propriá, ou seja, os menores valores já registrados no BSF correspondendo as menores séries históricas tanto de vazão como de sedimentos em suspensão.  Keys curves of sediment discharges in suspension in the Lower São Francisco A B S T R A C TThe knowledge of the quantitative analysis of suspended sediment concentrations carried by the São Francisco River as well as its relation with the flows is of great importance, since it can help in the identification of the effects of human intervention and/or caused by the natural conditions of the region. In the downstream regions of the São Francisco riverbanks, the main consequence was the regularization of flow rates and the reduction of sediment concentrations. The objective of the research was to determine the key curves of suspended sediments (CCS) at the fluviometric stations installed in the lower São Francisco river after Xingó dam. For the evaluation, flow data and suspended sediment concentration were used. These data were obtained from the Hidroweb system on the website of the National Water Agency (ANA) from 1999 to 2018. CCS were plotted for all stretches and presented good coefficients of determination (R2). Based on the analysis of the data it was also possible to notice that in recent years, since 2013 there has been a gradual reduction of the flows available in the Xingó dam. Consequently, there was also a gradual reduction of suspended sediment loads generated at the Piranhas, Traipu and Propriá stations, that is, the lowest values already recorded in lower São Francisco, corresponding to the lower historical series of both discharge and suspended sediments.Keywords: dam, flow, sediments 

scholarly journals Transport Mechanism of Suspended Sediments and Migration Trends of Sediments in the Central Hangzhou Bay

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189
Author(s):  
Zekun Song ◽  
Weiyong Shi ◽  
Junbiao Zhang ◽  
Hao Hu ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Hangzhou Bay ◽  
The South ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Tidal Pumping ◽  
The North

Based on the 2013 field survey data of hydrology, suspended sediments and bottom sediments in the Central Hangzhou Bay, this paper explores the dynamic mechanism of suspended sediments in Hangzhou Bay by employing material flux decomposition. Meanwhile, the migration trends of bed sediments are also investigated by analyzing grain size trends. The results show that during an ebb or flood tide, the hydrograph of suspended sediment concentration of Hangzhou Bay is dominated by an M shape (bimodal), which is attributed primarily to the generation of a soft mud layer and a separate fluid mud layer. Laterally, the distribution of suspended sediment concentration is high in the south and low in the north. From a macroscopic perspective, the net sediment transport in the study area displays a “north-landward and south-seaward” trend, presenting a “C”-shaped transport mode. That is, the sediments are transported from the bay mouth to the bay head on the north side and from the bay head to the bay mouth on the south side. The sediment transports by advection and tidal pumping are predominant, while the sediment transport by vertical circulation makes little contribution to the total sediment transport. Moreover, the sediment transport in the center of the reach area is dominated by advection, whereas that near both sides of the banks is controlled by tidal pumping. The asymmetry of the tides, i.e., flood-dominance in the north and ebb-dominance in the south, is the primary cause of the dynamic mechanism for the overall “C”-shaped transport mode in Hangzhou Bay. Additionally, coupled with the narrow-head wide-mouth geomorphology, Hangzhou Bay remains evolving by south shore silting and north shore scouring.

scholarly journals Vertical Distribution of Suspended Sediments above Dense Plants in Water Flow

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Li ◽  
Liquan Xie ◽  
Tsung-chow Su
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Turbulent Momentum ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Plane Displacement

Plants in natural water flow can improve water quality by adhering and absorbing the fine suspended sediments. Dense plants usually form an additional permeable bottom boundary for the water flow over it. In the flow layer above dense plants, the flow velocity generally presents a zero-plane-displacement and roughness-height double modified semi-logarithmic profile. In addition, the second order shear turbulent moment (or the Reynolds stress) are different from that found in non-vegetated flow. As a result, the turbulent momentum diffusivity of flow and thus the diffusivity of sediment will shift, which will cause the vertical profile of suspended sediment and the corresponding Rouse formula deform. A set of physical experiments with three different diameters of fine suspended sediments was conducted in an indoor water flume. These experiments investigated a new distribution pattern of suspended sediment and the correspondingly deformed Rouse formula in the flow layer over the dense plants. Experimental results showed that above the dense plants, the shear turbulent momentum of flow presented a plant-height modified negative linear profile, which has been proposed by a previous study, and the vertical distribution of fine suspended sediments presented an equilibrium pattern. Based on the plant-modified profiles of flow velocity and the shear turbulent momentum a new zero-plane and plant-height double modified Rouse formula were analytically derived. This double-parameter modified Rouse formula agrees well with the measured profile of suspended sediment concentration experimentally observed in the present study. By adjusting the Prandtl–Schmidt number, i.e., the ratio of sediment diffusivity to flow diffusivity, the double-parameter modified Rouse formula can be applied to submerged dense plant occupied flow.

Dynamics of Suspended Sediments Related to Fine Particles in Lower Mekong River

2013 ◽  
Vol 446-447 ◽  
pp. 1528-1533
Author(s):  
Sarunya Promkotra
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Stream Discharge

Analytical results are considered the factors of suspended sediment concentration, fall velocity, dimensionless shear stress, transportation rate and stream discharge. As a result of suspended sediments of Loei, Huang and Mekong River, fine particles account for the applicability in sediment deposits. Floating suspended sediments explicit more clay minerals than suspended sediments. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the estuarine of Loei River and Huang River are moderately less than Mekong River. Flow directions of the interconnected rivers to the mainstream-Mekong River lead to the quantity of SSC. Sediment concentrations attain to the dynamic response. Dimensionless shear stress relates to shear velocity, geometry and grain size of particles, and difference of flow velocity. This shear stress is directly comparative to flow velocity and clay mineral concentrations. The transport rate involves in the flow velocity, SSC and depth of the river. Moreover, stream discharge can be presumed by the geometry of the river and topography of sampling locations.

Changes in Territorial, Gill-flaring, and Feeding Behavior in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) following Short-term Pulses of Suspended Sediment

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1410-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Berg ◽  
T. G. Northcote
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Laboratory Stream

The territorial, gill-flaring, and feeding behavior of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in a laboratory stream was disrupted by short-term exposure to suspended sediment pulses. At the higher turbidities tested (30 and 60 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)), dominance hierarchies broke down, territories were not defended, and gill flaring occurred more frequently. Only after return to lower turbidities (0–20 NTU) was social organization reestablished. The reaction distance of the fish to adult brine shrimp decreased significantly in turbid water (30 and 60 NTU) as did capture success per strike and the percentage of prey ingested. Implications of these behavioral modifications suggest that the fitness of salmonid populations exposed to short-term pulses of suspended sediment may be impaired.

scholarly journals Serum Stress Responses during Seawater Acclimation in Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-438
Author(s):  
Kyung-Pyo Hong ◽  
Pyong-Kih Kim ◽  
Joong-Kyun Jeon ◽  
You-Hee Kim ◽  
Yong-Ju Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

scholarly journals Sampling strategies to estimate suspended sediment concentration for turbidimeter calibration

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 884-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Dalbianco ◽  
Rafael Ramon ◽  
Claudia A. P. de Barros ◽  
Jean P. G. Minella ◽  
Gustavo H. Merten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Indirect Relationship

ABSTRACT The influx of sediments carried by rivers can be measured continuously using a turbidimeter through the indirect relationship between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). However, this process is dependent on obtaining water samples with suspended sediments to calibrate the turbidimeter. Sampling can be carried out through different methods, resulting in errors and uncertainties in estimating the SSC. Four different possibilities for the composition of the calibration curve were tested in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the turbidimeter calibration for different sampling strategies. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in two catchments in southern Brazil that had a strong sediment yield impact. The results indicate that sampling during rainfall events generate a significant and representative SSC for the turbidimeter calibration. The use of an integrating sampler for synthetic samples provides an effective calibration, but overestimates SSC compared to calibration from rainfall event sampling. The samples collected at fixed intervals - weekly and daily - generated an insufficient amount of data and are not representative of real sediment concentrations of the catchments.

The effect of suspended sediment on fertilization success in sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2487-2494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan V Galbraith ◽  
Erland A MacIsaac ◽  
J Stevenson Macdonald ◽  
Anthony P Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentrations ◽  
Controlled Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Suspended sediment is a naturally occurring part of aquatic ecosystems, and unnatural elevation of suspended sediment in streams above background concentrations is known to adversely affect Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) at different life stages. Conspicuously lacking in the literature is knowledge of the effect of suspended sediment on egg fertilization success during spawning. Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon gametes were used to investigate the impact of different concentrations of suspended sediment particles on the ability of sperm to successfully fertilize eggs. The fertilization process was simulated using a controlled-flow water flume with concentrations of suspended particles ranging from 800 to 47 000 mg·L–1. Egg fertilization success was assessed at eyed stage after incubating eggs in the streambed in the field or in artificial laboratory egg incubation (Heath) trays. Regression model analysis showed that suspended sediment concentrations reduced the percent of fertilized eggs and that reduction in successful fertilization below 80% could occur when suspended sediment levels are in excess of 9000 mg·L–1. The relationship derived herein serves as a preliminary guideline for determining the effect size of suspended sediment concentration on egg fertilization success during spawning.

Effect of Temperature, Season, and Fish Size on Acute Lethality of Suspended Sediments to Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Servizi ◽  
Dennis W. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Cough Reflex ◽  
The Relationship

Tolerance of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Fraser River suspended sediments (SS) at 7 °C was independent of season of the year. However, coho of 0.52 g (4.0 cm) possessed only 35% of the tolerance of larger specimens. Tolerance to SS was temperature dependent, with 96-h LC50 at 1 and 18 °C being 47 and 33%, respectively, of the value at 7 °C. Tolerance was further reduced among underyearling coho which were later found to have a viral kidney infection. Cough reflex, oxygen transfer, oxygen saturation levels, metabolic rates, and capacity to do work all probably affect the relationship between SS tolerance and temperature.

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