Genetic Diversity Patterns of Chum Salmon in the Pacific Northwest

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 65-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Phelps ◽  
L. L. LeClair ◽  
S. Young ◽  
H. L. Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Hood Canal ◽  
Distinct Evolutionary Lineage ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Spawning Time

We used starch-gel electrophoresis to examine over 13 000 adult chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, from 153 collections at 105 locations in Washington, Oregon, and southern British Columbia from 1985–92. We identified 39 variable loci and 36 monomorphic loci. In general, alleles that occurred at a frequency > 10% were found in all locations and were temporally stable within locations. Localized alleles usually occurred at a frequency <6%. Significant allele frequency differences were found among chum salmon populations with different spawning times (summer, fall, and winter), even within the same watershed, and among populations of the same spawning time in different regions. Significant among-population diversity was also found within regions. Multidimensional scaling and UPGMA cluster analysis grouped populations by geography and run-timing, except where past stock transfers have resulted in interbreeding of hatchery and wild fish. These analyses indicate that both geography and spawning time are important isolating mechanisms and that, compared with the other populations, summer-run chum salmon from the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Hood Canal are a distinct evolutionary lineage. This information is currently being used to conserve the genetic diversity of wild chum salmon and manage mixed-stock fisheries.

Comparative Developmental Biology of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from the Fraser River, British Columbia

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Clyde B. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Eggs and alevins from 32 families of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from seven Fraser River stocks spawning at different times or in different tributaries were incubated in controlled water temperatures of 4, 8, and 12 °C. There were significant differences in egg and alevin survival among stocks and among families within stocks in the different incubation temperatures. Highest egg survival for a late-spawning Vedder River stock occurred at 4 °C, while egg survival from other stocks was highest at 8 °C. Late-spawning stocks had smaller eggs and earlier times of fry emergence than did early-spawning ones. There was no effect of spawning time on alevin hatching time. Alevins hatching at 8 °C were larger than those hatching at 4 or 12 °C, but there were no stock differences in alevin length or tissue weight. Stocks with greater egg sizes produced alevins of greater total weight. Fry emerging at 8 °C were larger than those emerging at 4 or 12 °C, and fry from early-spawning stocks were longer and had greater tissue weight than those from late-spawning ones. There were significant differences among families within stocks in size of alevins and fry, and family differences should be accounted for in studies of salmonid developmental biology.

Genetic Relationships Among Chum Salmon Populations in Southeast Alaska and Northern British Columbia

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Kondzela ◽  
C. M. Guthrie ◽  
S. L. Hawkins ◽  
C. d. Russell ◽  
J. H. Helle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Mixed Stock

Allozymes from 46 loci were analyzed from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) collected at 61 locations in southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia. Of the 42 variable loci, 21 had a common allele frequency <0.95. We observed significant heterogeneity within and among six regional groups: central southeast Alaska, Prince of Wales Island area, southern southeast Alaska – northern British Columbia, north-central British Columbia, and two groups in the Queen Charlotte Islands. Genetic variation among regions was significantly greater than within regions. The three island groups were distinct from each other and from the mainland populations. Allele frequencies were stable over time in 14 of 15 locations sampled for more than 1 yr. The geographic basis for heterogeneity among regions is confounded in part by spawning-time differences. The Prince of Wales and Queen Charlotte populations spawn in the fall; the mainland populations spawn mainly in the summer, although some overlap exists. Overall, most genetic diversity (97%) occurred within sampling locations; the remaining diversity was distributed almost equally within and among regions. Our genetic data may provide fishery managers a means to estimate stock composition in the mixed-stock fisheries near this boundary between the United States and Canada.

Early Marine Mortality of Marked Juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Released into Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington, in 1980

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Bax
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hood Canal ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Juvenile Chum Salmon

The average daily loss in numbers from a group of fluorescently marked, hatchery-reared, juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) remaining in the nearshore zone following their release from the hatchery into southern Hood Canal, Washington State, was estimated at 38–49%. This estimated loss was then adjusted by the estimated maximum emigration of marked fish from the sampling area and the average daily mortality over a 2- and a 4-d time period estimated at between 31 and 46%. These estimates are an order of magnitude higher than estimates of the average daily mortality of naturally emigrating juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) from the Bella Coola River, British Columbia, over a 40-d time period (Parker 1968). The two studies are contrasted and it is suggested that daily mortality is highly variable over the 40 d subsequent to saltwater entry, with mortality higher initially, particularly for those fish remaining close to their point of saltwater entry.

scholarly journals Effects of spawning time on the variation of vertebral number in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAISEI ANDO ◽  
YOSHIHITO SHINRIKI ◽  
KAZUTAKA SHIMODA ◽  
RYOHEI YASUTOMI ◽  
YOSHITAKA SASAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Vertebral Number ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Spawning Time

Reproductive behavior and relative reproductive success of natural- and hatchery-origin Hood Canal summer chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A. Berejikian ◽  
Donald M. Van Doornik ◽  
Julie A. Scheurer ◽  
Richard Bush
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hood Canal ◽  
Breeding Groups

Estimates of the relative fitness of hatchery- and natural-origin salmon can help determine the value of hatchery stocks in contributing to recovery efforts. This study compared the adult to fry reproductive success of natural-origin summer chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) with that of first- to third-generation hatchery-origin salmon in an experiment that included four replicate breeding groups. Hatchery- and natural-origin chum salmon exhibited similar reproductive success. Hatchery- and natural-origin males obtained similar access to nesting females, and females of both types exhibited similar breeding behaviors and durations. Male body size was positively correlated with access to nesting females and reproductive success. The estimates of relative reproductive success (hatchery/natural = 0.83) in this study were similar to those in other studies of other anadromous salmonids in which the hatchery population was founded from the local natural population and much higher than those in studies that evaluated the lifetime relative reproductive success of nonlocal hatchery populations.

The influence of hydrographic structure and seasonal run timing on genetic diversity and isolation-by-distance in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 2026-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Olsen ◽  
Blair G. Flannery ◽  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Jeffrey F. Bromaghin ◽  
Penelope A. Crane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Yukon River ◽  
Run Timing

We used 20 microsatellite loci to compare genetic diversity and patterns of isolation-by-distance among three groups of chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) from two physically distinct watersheds in western Alaska, USA. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that gene flow decreases as the complexity of the hydrographic system increases. Specifically, higher gene flow was inferred among 11 populations from a nonhierarchical collection of short coastal rivers in Norton Sound compared with 29 populations from a complex hierarchical network of inland tributaries of the Yukon River. Within the Yukon River, inferred gene flow was highest among 15 summer-run populations that spawn in the lower drainage, compared with 14 fall-run populations that spawn in the upper drainage. The results suggest that the complexity of the hydrographic system may influence population connectivity and hence the level of genetic diversity of western Alaska chum salmon. Finally, evidence of isolation-by-time, when controlling for geographic distance, supported the hypothesis that genetic divergence in Yukon River chum salmon is influenced by seasonal run timing. However, evidence of isolation-by-distance, when controlling for season run timing, indicated the populations are not sufficiently isolated, spatially or temporally, to prevent gene flow. Dispersal among summer- and fall-run populations may play a role in maintaining genetic diversity.

The effect of spawning time and incubation temperature on meristic variation in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
C. B. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Gill Rakers ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Fin Rays ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Pelvic Fin

Variability in the number of dorsal, anal, caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fin rays, vertebrae, and gill rakers of early and late spawning stocks of Chehalis River chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) incubated under controlled water temperatures of 4, 8, and 12 °C was examined. The early spawning stock had fewer dorsal fin rays, more anal fin rays, fewer pectoral and pelvic fin rays, and fewer gill rakers than did the late spawning stock. Chum salmon originally incubated at 4 °C had the lowest number of dorsal fin rays, but the highest number of vertebrae and gill rakers. Chum salmon originally incubated at 8 °C had the highest number of anal fin rays, and those incubated at 12 °C had the highest number of pectoral fin rays. Meristic phenotypes had both a genetic and an environmental component.

Temporal patterns and ecosystem correlates of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) migration phenology in the Pacific Northwest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickey Agha ◽  
James P. Losee ◽  
Marisa N. C. Litz ◽  
Craig Smith ◽  
Jason J. Schaffler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Temporal Shift ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Additive Mixed Models ◽  
Migration Phenology

Understanding and quantifying migration phenology of commercially harvested Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is a cornerstone for managing sustainable populations. Here, we use a multi-decadal data timeseries together with a hypothesis driven framework to evaluate migration phenology in adult fall and winter ecotype chum salmon (O. keta) in a poorly studied but highly managed system – the South Puget Sound (SPS) of Washington State, USA. Using generalized additive mixed models that accounted for temporal autoregressive dynamics, we examined the effect of commercial harvest, climate variation, intraspecific density dependence, and predator buffering on migration timing and run duration. SPS chum salmon are migrating earlier over time, especially the winter ecotype that showed the strongest temporal shift from historical timing. Migration timing shifts were closely associated with regional-scale marine climate regimes, local-scale freshwater availability, and statewide pinniped abundance. In conclusion, there is potential for the winter ecotype migration converging with that of the fall ecotype, and that directional change in migration phenology may be driven by a unique combination of ecosystem factors.

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