Assessment of Changes in Lake Water Chemistry in Sudbury Area Lakes since Preindustrial Times

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (S1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil S. Dixit ◽  
Aruna S. Dixit ◽  
John P. Smol
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Prevailing Wind ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lake Water Chemistry ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Inferred Ph

Surface (recent) and bottom (pre-1880s) sediment samples from each of 72 Sudbury area lakes were analyzed for diatom valves and chrysophyte scales, and using these microfossils, we inferred changes in lake water pH, [Al], [Ni], conductance, and [Ca]. The study shows that extensive acidification has occurred in presently acidic (pH < 6.0) Sudbury lakes. Inferred [Al] has also increased in these lakes. The region also contains a few naturally acidic lakes; however, even these lakes have acidified further since the bottom sediments were deposited. Lakes that have current measured pH between 6.0 and 7.0 have either declined or increased in inferred pH in the past, whereas all lakes that are presently alkaline (pH > 7.0) have become more alkaline. The increase in inferred [Ni] in most of the study lakes indicates that Ni inputs are mainly atmospheric. Our data suggest that, in general, ion concentrations have increased in Sudbury lakes. The extent of acidification or alkalification in Sudbury lakes was primarily a function of proximity of the lakes to the smelters, orientation of prevailing wind patterns, and differences in watershed geology.

scholarly journals A new diatom training set for the reconstruction of past water pH in the Tatra Mountain lakes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwira Sienkiewicz ◽  
Michał Gąsiorowski ◽  
Ladislav Hamerlík ◽  
Peter Bitušík ◽  
Joanna Stańczak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Inferred Ph ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractLakes located in the Polish and Slovak parts of the Tatra Mountains were included in the Tatra diatom database (POL_SLOV training set). The relationship between the diatoms and the water chemistry in the surface sediments of 33 lakes was the basis for the statistical and numerical techniques for quantitative pH reconstruction. The reconstruction of the past water pH was performed using the alpine (AL:PE) and POL_SLOV training sets to compare the reliability of the databases for the Tatra lakes. The results showed that the POL_SLOV training set had better statistical parameters (R2 higher by 0.16, RMSE and max. bias lower by 0.2 and 0.36, respectively) compared to the AL:PE training set. The better performance of the POL_SLOV training set is particularly visible in the case of Przedni Staw Polski where the curve of the inferred water pH shows an opposite trend for the period from the 1960s to 1990 compared to that based on the AL:PE dataset. The reliability of the inferred pH was confirmed by the comparison with current instrumental measurements.

scholarly journals Influence of water pH in the hepato- and nephrotoxicity of chronic cadmium poisoning in Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e12210917753
Author(s):  
Daniel José Pimentel Bonfim ◽  
Fernanda Maria Garcia ◽  
Cecília Braga Laposy ◽  
Rogério Giuffrida ◽  
Gisele Alborghetti Nai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Cadmium Poisoning ◽  
Water Ph

Introduction: Cadmium is a heavy metal found in the environment that is used industrially; however, it also causes hepato- and nephrotoxic effects. Objective: To evaluate the effect of drinking water pH on the hepato- and nephrotoxicity caused by chronic cadmium poisoning. Material and Methods: We used 90 adult, male Wistar albino rats divided into 6 groups (n = 15): GC5 received a solution of cadmium chloride in drinking water with an acidic pH (pH 5.0); GC7 received a solution of cadmium chloride (400 mg/L) in drinking water with a neutral pH (pH 7.0 water); GC8 received a solution of cadmium chloride in water with an alkaline pH (pH 8.0); GWC5 received drinking water with an acidic pH (pH 5.0); GWC7 received drinking water with a neutral pH (pH 7.0); GWC8 received drinking water with an alkaline pH (pH 8.0). The animals were euthanized 6 months after the start of the experiment. We performed tests for hepatic and renal function and conducted liver and renal histopathology. Results: Water with an acidic pH caused alterations in ALP, ALT and urea in animals exposed to cadmium (P<0.05). In the liver, the majority of animals from the GC7 (57.1%) and GC5 (53.3%) groups showed diffuse microvesicular steatosis, while other groups showed no steatosis (P>0.05). In the kidney, the majority of animals from the GC7 (78.6%) and GWC5 (71.4%) groups showed tubular hydropic degeneration; however, these data were only statistically different from the GWC7 group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Exposure to cadmium in water with an acidic pH led to higher elevations of serum ALP, AST and urea, suggesting that the pH of drinking water influences the hepato- and nephrotoxic effects of this heavy metal.

How Much Acidification Has Occurred in Adirondack Region Lakes (New York, USA) since Preindustrial Times?

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. F. Cumming ◽  
J. P. Smol ◽  
J. C. Kingston ◽  
D. F. Charles ◽  
H. J. B. Birks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Lake Water Chemistry ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Adirondack Lakes

Preindustrial and present-day lake water pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), total monomeric aluminum (Alm), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were inferred from the species composition of diatom and chrysophyte microfossils in the tops (present-day inferences) and bottoms (pre-1850 inferences) of sediment cores collected from a statistically selected set of Adirondack lakes. Results from the study lakes were extrapolated to a predefined target population of 675 low-alkalinity Adirondack region lakes. Estimates of preindustrial to present-day changes in lake water chemistry show that approximately 25–35% of the target population has acidified. The magnitude of acidification was greatest in the low-alkalinity lakes of the southwestern Adirondacks, an area with little geological ability to neutralize acidic deposition and receives the highest annual average rainfall in the region. We estimate that ~80% of the target population lakes with present-day measured pH [Formula: see text] and 30–45% of lakes with pH between 5.2 and 6.0 have undergone large declines in pH and ANC, and concomitant increases in [Alm]. Estimated changes in [DOC] were small and show no consistent pattern in the acidified lakes. This study provides the first statistically based regional evaluation of the extent of lake acidification in the Adirondacks.

Scaled Chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae) as Indicators of pH in Sudbury, Ontario, Lakes

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1411-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil S. Dixit ◽  
Aruna S. Dixit ◽  
R. Douglas Evans
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Ph Indicator ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Scaled Chrysophytes ◽  
Calibration Equation ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inferred Ph ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Surface sediment chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae) of 30 Sudbury, Ontario, lakes were analyzed to investigate the relationship of these algal microfossils with the limnological characteristics of the study lakes. The distribution of the majority of common chrysophyte taxa is correlated closely with lake water pH, pH-related factors, or both. Chrysodidymus synuroideus, Synura echinulata, Mallomonas hamata, M. acaroides var. muskokana, and Chrysosphaerella longispina appear to be indicators of strongly to moderately acidic waters whereas M. pseudocoronata and M. caudata are indicators of circumneutral to alkaline waters. Using multiple regression of pH indicator chrysophyte assemblages against the measured lake pH, a calibration equation was developed to compute chrysophyte-inferred pH. Chrysophyte-inferred pH values were closely related with measured lake water pH (r2 = 0.74). The study indicates that in the absence of historical pH data, stratigraphic analysis of scaled chrysophytes would provide useful information about the history of lake acidification in the Sudbury area. There is some indication that high metal concentrations, in addition to pH, may influence chrysophycean species distribution in acidic lakes.

Diatom-inferred pH calibration of lakes near Wawa, Ontario

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1129-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil S. Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Surface Sediment ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Ph Indicator ◽  
Lake Region ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Sedimentary Diatoms ◽  
Inferred Ph ◽  
Ph Calibration

In the absence of long-term pH records for lakes, sedimentary diatoms have often been used to detect the extent of recent lake acidification. Although various methods have been used to relate surface-sediment diatom remains to contemporary lake-water pH, their usefulness and selection criteria have not been clearly defined for Canadian lakes. Surface-sediment diatoms of 28 lakes (pH 4.0–8.13) located northeast of Lake Superior were identified and enumerated. Lake-water pH estimates were made using multiple regression analyses of selected diatom taxa and Hustedt's pH indicator groups, as well as by index α and index B. Multiple regression, using the abundance of pH indicator assemblages, appears to be the most suitable method for the studied lake region. Discrepancies associated with other methods are discussed in details.

Spatial Variability in Sedimentary Algal Microfossils and Its Bearing on Diatom-Inferred pH Reconstructions

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1836-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil S. Dixit ◽  
R. Douglas Evans
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Diatom Assemblages ◽  
Ph Indicator ◽  
Ph Profile ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acidic Nature ◽  
Inferred Ph ◽  
Water Depths

Spatial variability of algal microfossils was investigated in 20–21 surface (0–0.25 cm) sediment samples from Hannah and Clearwater lakes, Ontario, together with the variability in 20 downcore diatom-inferred pH profiles from Hannah Lake. Strong habitat-dependent spatial variability in the distribution of microfossils was observed in lakes of simple morphology. The abundance of planktonic taxa was high in deepwater sediments in both the lakes, while benthic taxa were common only in the sediments of shallow waters of Clearwater Lake. It is hypothesized that greater circulation and presence of sufficient light at all depths allowed benthic diatoms to flourish even in samples from the deep areas of Hannah Lake. The use of pH indicator diatom assemblages rather than individual taxa greatly reduced the variability in computing diatom-inferred pH. The variations were negligible within the samples collected from greater water depths. Results suggest that a single paleo-pH profile will provide an indication of the direction in change in pH, but that absolute pH results can be obtained only by utilizing several cores from many depth strata. The ability of index α and index B to accurately predict recent pH shifts of Hannah Lake was impaired because of its very acidic nature (pH < 4.5) in the past.

Surface-sediment chrysophytes from 35 Quebec lakes and their usefulness in reconstructing lake-water pH

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 2071-2076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna S. Dixit ◽  
Sushil S. Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Surface Sediment ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Ph Indicator ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inferred Ph ◽  
Water Acidity

Chrysophyte scales from surface sediment samples of 35 Quebec lakes were analyzed to examine their relationship with lake-water pH. The percent composition of common chrysophyte taxa were plotted against the measured lake-water pH. The distribution of many taxa was found to be closely associated with pH. The pH indicator status and abundance-weighted mean pH values of the majority of taxa of the studied region agreed with the published work. Chrysophyte counts were quantified to establish a predictive pH model using multiple regressions of pH indicator chrysophyte assemblages with lake-water pH. A strong relationship (r2 = 0.72) was observed between measured and inferred pH values. The pH predictive ability of chrysophytes was further corroborated by reconstructing the recent pH history of Lake Bonneville. Over the last 30 years, the inferred pH of this lake has declined ≈ 1 pH unit. The present study accentuates that stratigraphic analysis of chrysophytes will provide useful measurements of the extent of lake-water acidity in Quebec.

scholarly journals Water pH and hardness alter ATPases and oxidative stress in the gills and kidney of pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus )

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Copatti ◽  
Bernardo Baldisserotto ◽  
Carine de Freitas Souza ◽  
José María Monserrat ◽  
Luciano Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
High Water ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Piaractus Mesopotamicus ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Gst Activity

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effects of low and high water hardness in interaction with different water pH in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Pacu juveniles were subjected to low (50 mg CaCO3 L-1 - LWH) or high water hardness (120 mg CaCO3 L-1 - HWH) at water pH of 5.5 (acidic), 7.5 (circumneutral) or 9.0 (alkaline) for 15 days. Gills and kidneys were collected (days 1, 5 and 15). Gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) activities were higher in alkaline pH with HWH on day 1. Gill and kidney NKA and V-ATPase activities were higher in acidic pH with LWH on day 15. Gill NKA activity of pacus under alkaline pH with LWH was higher than those exposed to HWH. Reduced antioxidant capacity in the gills and kidney and enhanced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were demonstrated in fish exposed to acidic or alkaline pH, mainly with LWH. HWH increased glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and reduced TBARS levels in the gills and kidney. On day 15, GST activity was increased at acidic pH with LWH. In conclusion, circumneutral pH presents less oxidative stress and fewer variations in ATPases and HWH reduced deleterious effects in fish exposed to acidic or alkaline pH.

Enhancement of the Survival of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Eggs and Fry in an Acid Lake through Incubation in Limestone

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1522-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Gunn ◽  
W. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Interstitial Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Acidic Lake ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Crushed Limestone

Incubation of eyed rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) eggs within boxes (60 × 60 × 30 cm) of crushed limestone enhanced hatching success and sac fry surival in acidic (pH ~5.3) George Lake. Hatching (egg–sac fry) success in limestone (86.9%) along a sheltered shoreline (interstitial pH 6.2–7.6) approached results in Fairbank, a near-neutral control lake (93.7–97.9%). Eggs incubated in limestone along a windswept shoreline and subjected to periodic depression of interstitial water pH (minimum recorded 5.6) due to wave action exhibited poor hatching success (57.4%) comparable to results (11.2–57.1%) for eggs exposed within substrates of mixed, noncalcareous gravel (minimum pH 5.2–5.4). Sac fry survival (sac fry alevins) was high in sheltered limestone substrates (70.9%), low in wind-exposed limestone substrates (23.2%), and very poor (0.2–0.4%) in noncalcareous gravel.Exposure to emergent alevins hatched within limestone to ambient, acidic lake water resulted in 65.2–78.8% mortality during a 5-d holding period. Mortality decreased greatly among alevins held at pH 5.6–5.9 (48.0%) and pH 6.1–6.3 (2.0%)Incubation of eggs within limestone substrates holds promise for use as a tool in the maintenance of salmonid populations in acidic lakes. Key words : rainbow trout, pH, limestone, acidic lake

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