Canola Meal in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Production Diets

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Hardy ◽  
Craig V. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Organoleptic Quality

Production diets containing up to 20% canola meal were fed for 108 d to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to evaluate the effects on weight gain, food conversion, thyroid function, and organoleptic quality of market-sized fish. Weight gain was not affected by dietary canola meal level. Food conversion values and organoleptic properties were not influenced by dietary treatments. Feed costs were reduced by $18.70 (U.S.) per metric ton compared to control diet at the highest level of dietary canola meal (20%). Thyroid function was significantly affected by dietary canola meal. Dose-related changes in the histological appearance of the thyroid and alterations of plasma thyroxine and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine levels indicated that compensatory adjustments in thyroid function allowed normal growth to proceed in the canola-fed fish. Possible mechanisms of dietary glucosinolate influence on thyroid function are discussed and areas for future research are suggested.Key words: canola meal, plasma T4, plasma T3, thyroid histology, goitrogen, glucosinolates, trout growth, food conversion, least-cost diets, organoleptic quality

Digestibility and Utilization of Canola Meal in Practical-Type Diets for Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
High Level

The digestibility study indicated that dry matter digestibility of canola meal (CM) was low (56.2–60.4%), probably due to the high fiber content of this product and its relatively high level of complex carbohydrates. Energy and protein digestibility of CM were 72.4 and 83.2%, respectively, and the essential amino acid digestibilities were similar to those of protein in the CM. CM cannot successfully replace either soybean meal or fish meal in practical-type diets for young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) without sacrificing growth. Supplementation with additional arginine, lysine and zinc, or energy to CM-based diets did not overcome the growth depressing effects. CM supplementation to the trout diet affected the thyroid gland of the fish, producing a diffuse, microfollicular hyperplasia that increased in severity with increasing CM supplementation. Young rainbow trout appear to be more sensitive to dietary glucosinolates than chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and total glucosinolate levels of 158 μg/g or more are deleterious to these fish. We conclude that CM should not, at this time, be included as a feed ingredient in commercial trout diets for young rainbow trout.

Effects of Truttaedacnitis truttae (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) on growth and swimming of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1220-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Food Consumed

Growth and swimming abilities of fingerling and 1.5-year-old rainbow trout infected with the nematode parasite Truttaedacnitis truttae were examined. Control trout and trout infected in the laboratory with 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 worms exhibited similar growth characteristics over a 10-week period within each of four experimental groups fed different rations of trout chow (1, 2, 3, or 4% of wet body weight fed per day). Decreasing growth rates showed some correlation with increasing numbers of nematode parasites. Differences between growth rates, amounts of food consumed, and food conversion efficiencies of infected and noninfected fish were not statistically significant. Critical swimming speed, fixed velocity, and burst velocity stamina tests revealed similar swimming abilities in both control and infected trout. Maximum swimming speeds attained and time to fatigue at cruising speeds were more closely related to fish size than to numbers of worms with which fish were infected. Importance to rainbow trout survival of large natural infections with T. truttae is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of selenium deficiency on hydroperoxide-stimulated release of glutathione from isolated perfused liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bell ◽  
J. W. Adron ◽  
C. B. Cowey
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Perfused Liver ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glutathione Disulphide

1. Duplicate groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were each given partially purified diets which were either adequate or depleted in selenium for 40 weeks.2. Although there was no significant difference in weight gain, liver Se concentration was significantly lower in fish given the deficient diet.3. Glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 9) activity was significantly reduced in liver of Se-deficient fish but a differential assay did not indicate the presence of a non-Se-dependent GSH peroxidase activity, although liver GSH S-transferase (EC 2. 5. 1. 18) was significantly increased.4. Perfusion of livers from trout given Se-adequate diets with t-butyl hydroperoxide (BuOOH) or hydrogen peroxide caused an increase in the rate of release of glutathione disulphide (GSSG) into the perfusate.5. Perfusion of livers from Se-deficient trout with BuOOH or H2O2 did not result in any change in rate of release of GSSG into the perfusate.6. These findings confirm the absence of any compensatory non-Se-dependent peroxidase activity in Se-depleted trout.

scholarly journals Some effects of selenium deficiency on glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity and tissue pathology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bell ◽  
B. J. S. Pirie ◽  
J. W. Adron ◽  
C. B. Cowey
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity

1. Two duplicate groups of rainbow trout (Sulmo gairdneri; mean weight 27 g) were given diets of differing selenium content (deficient 0, 025 mg Se/kg; supplemented 1.022 mg Se/kg) for 30 weeks.2. There were no significant differences between treatments in weight gain but packed cell volume, liver vitamin E and liver and plasma Se concentrations were all significantly lower in the Se-deficient trout.3. Ataxia occurred in about 10% of the Se-deficient trout and histopathologies were evident in nerve cord (damage to axon sheath) and liver (loss of integrity in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with appearance of increased vesiculation).4. Glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity was significantly reduced in liver and plasma of Se-deficient fish but there was no indication, from differential assay, of any non-Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. Glutathione transferase (EC 2.5. I.18) activity was significantly increased in Se-deficient trout.

A Study of in vivo Glycine Absorption by Fed and Fasted Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BOGÉ ◽  
A. RIGAL ◽  
G. PÉRES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Perfusion Technique

The effects of 4 and 8 weeks fasting at 16 °C were studied in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. After 4 and 8 weeks, the wet weights of the intestine of fasted animals are respectively 64% and 69% lower than those of fed animals. These effects especially concern the mucosal tissue. Glycine absorption (0.5 and 10 mm) was studied using an in vivo perfusion technique. After 4 weeks, the absolute amounts of 0.5 mm glycine absorbed by fasted and fed fish are similar. With 10 mm glycine, the absorption is slightly lower in fasted trout (−19%). After 8 weeks these differences are more marked, with glycine concentrations of 10 mm (−42%). Results expressed per 100 g body weight showed that these differences result partly from a weight gain of fed trout. Absorption expressed in terms of weight of dry intestine is higher in 4 and 8 weeks fasted animals, principally for the lower amino acid concentration (+61% and +111%). Larger differences were apparent when the absorptions were expressed in terms of dry weight of mucosal tissue (+122% and +225%).

Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing toasted or non-toasted canola meal

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
R. W. Newkirk
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Similar Weight

Eighty crossbred pigs (28.7 ± 3.9 kg BW) were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a factorial design experiment (sex × treatment). The control diet was formulated using barley and soybean meal, while four experimental diets were formulated with either toasted or non-toasted canola meal replacing either half or all of the soybean meal in the test diets. The total glucosinolate content of the non-toasted meal was more than 15-fold higher than the to asted meal (1.01 vs. 15.58 µmol g-1). The principal glucosinolates in the non-toasted meal were 3-butenyl (3.05 µmol g-1), 2-OH-3-butenyl (5.47 µmol g-1) and 4-OH-3-methylindoyl (4.68 µmol g-1). Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for the toasted and non-toasted canola meal diets compared with the soybean meal diet. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in digestibility coefficients between the two canola meals. Digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the diets in which canola meal supplied only 50% of the supplementary protein compared with diets in which 100% of the supplementary protein was supplied by canola meal. Pigs fed toasted canola meal had similar weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion (P > 0.05) as pigs fed soybean meal while pigs fed non-toasted canola meal had lower weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.05) than pigs fed soybean meal. Feed conversion was unaffected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). There were no significant effects (P < 0.05) due to diet on any carcass trait. The overall results of this experiment indicate that omitting the desolventization/toasting procedure from the process involved in the production of canola meal did not result in an improvement in the performance of pigs fed diets containing canola meal. Key words: Pigs, canola meal, performance, digestibility, carcass, toasting

scholarly journals Studies on the nutrition of salmonid fish. The magnesium requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Knox ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Dry Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean initial weight 35 g were given one of five experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet) 15 calcium, 10 phosphorus and graded levels of magnesium from 0.04 (diet no. 1) to 1.0 (diet no. 5). In a second experiment rainbow trout of mean initial weight 16 g were given one of six experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet): Ca (40), P (30) and levels of Mg from 0.06 (diet no. 6) to 2.0 (diet no. 11).2. In both experiments weight gains were lowest in those trout given diets containing the basal levels of Mg (diet no. 1 and diet no. 6) but increased with increasing dietary Mg concentration. In neither experiment was there any further increase in weight gain once the Mg concentration reached 0.25–0.5 g/kg dry diet; weight gain reached a plateau at this dietary Mg level.3. The following trends occurred in serum electrolyte concentrations as dietary Mg increased. Mg increased in both experiments, in Expt 2 it reached a maximum of 1 mmol/l when the diet containted 0.5 g Mg/kg and did not increase further; sodium was positively correlated in both experiments; potassium decreased and in Expt 2 reached a plateau minimum of 1.7 mmol/l at a dietary Mg concentration of 0.5 g/kg; Ca and P altered little in either experiment.4. In both experiments renal Ca concentrations were greatly increased in trout given diets lacking supplementary Mg; they fell to low levels (3–5 mmol/kg) when diets conained 0.15 g Mg/kg or more. Renal K and P concentrations were negatively correlated with dietary Mg in Expt 2; other electrolytes measured were not altered in concentration by the treatments used.5. Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) of muscle was negatively correlated with dietary Mg. In Expt 2 it reached a minimal or normal value at 0.5 g Mg/kg diet and did not decease further. Muscle Mg concentration increased with diet Mg in both experiments and muscle K concentration was also correlated with diet Mg in Expt 2. These changes were related to the shift in muscle water. In Expt 1, P concentration was decreased with increasing diet Mg but in Expt 2 its concentration increased, these changes may have been connected with the three-fold difference in dietary P in the two experiments.6. By contrast with skeletal muscle, Mg levels in cardiac muscle increased at low dietary Mg intakes.7. Concentrations of electrolytes in liver did not alter with dietary treatments used.8. The results show that Mg requirement of rainbow trout is met by a diet containing 0.5 g Mg/kg diet.

Effect of Diet on the Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1244-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki S. Blazer ◽  
Richard E. Wolke
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
T Cell Migration

To compare the effect of diet on the immune response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), we maintained fish on either a commercial feed or a laboratory prepared (control) diet for 12–16 wk before antigenic exposure. The immune response to two antigens, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Yersinia ruckeri, was assessed. Both T-cell (migration inhibition factor) and B-cell (plaque-forming cell) responses to SRBC were measured. The plaque-forming cell response and the humoral (serum antibody) responses to Y. ruckeri were assayed. In addition, the phagocytic ability of peritoneal macrophages was assessed as a nonspecific resistance factor. We found that fish maintained on the commercial diet had a significantly lower immune response when compared with fish fed the control diet, although all fish appeared healthy and suffered no mortalities throughout the experiment. We indicate the importance of considering the effects of diet on immunity and disease resistance in future feed formulations.

Effect of excess iodide on thyroid function of rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Eales ◽  
Daniel G. Cyr ◽  
Robert F. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Excess Iodide

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein level, and an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, on the growth, food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Ince ◽  
K. P. Lone ◽  
A. J. Matty
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Anabolic Steroid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. Three isoenergetic test diets containing 320, 430 and 530 g protein/kg, with (experimental) and without (control) inclusion of an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, were given to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean initial weight 27 g, for 60 d.2. After 60 d, all trout groups were given an identical, steroid-free, commercial diet (410 g protein/kg) for a further 30 d, to observe withdrawal effects on growth.3. The weight and length of trout given the 430 and 530 g protein/kg control diets were significantly greater after 60 d than those given the 320 g protein/kg control diet.4. Inclusion of steroid enhanced the weight and length of trout given the 320 and 430 g protein/kg experimental diets, exerting a preferential effect on weight as opposed to length.5. After steroid withdrawal, a significant difference between the weight and length of the 320 g protein/kg control and experimental groups was still apparent.6. An increase in dietary protein increased the food conversion efficiency, and decreased the protein efficiency ratio. Inclusion of steroid increased both these factors over the respective controls.7. Protein assimilation decreased, and faecal nitrogen content increased with increasing dietary protein. In trout given steroid, protein assimilation and apparent digestibility was higher, and facecal N content, lower than the controls.8. Muscle protein increased with increasing dietary protein, and was higher in trout given steroid.9. Relative liver weight increased with increasing dietary protein. Inclusion of steroid resulted in a reduction in relative liver and gut weight, and an increase in kidney weight.10. It is concluded that ethylestrenol promotes both the growth and efficiency of nutrient utilization of trout. The magnitude and duration of these effects are a function of the dietary protein level.

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