Sublethal Toxicity of Cyanide to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) at Different Temperatures

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor G. Kovacs ◽  
Gérard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sublethal Toxicity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Flow Through

At sublethal levels cyanide was more potent at lower temperatures. This was verified in 20-d laboratory growth experiments carried out on juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in flow-through aquaria maintained at 6, 12, and 18 °C. Cyanide concentrations in the range of 0.005–0.045 mg∙L−1 HCN significantly reduced growth rates (wet weight, dry weight, and fat), the effective concentrations increasing with temperature. Some adaptation to cyanide seemed to occur as manifested by faster growth rates. Liver glycogen and lactic acid monitored for 20 d in rainbow trout exposed to 0.015 mg∙L−1 HCN showed an initial shift towards glycolysis, followed by a return to aerobic respiration. This response, however, varied with temperatures. Previous exposure to cyanide markedly reduced swimming performance of the fish tested at their acclimation temperatures, but in the absence of the toxicant. The effect also increased with decreasing temperatures.Key words: cyanide, sublethal toxicity, rainbow trout, temperature, growth, swimming, liver metabolites

Acute Toxicity of Cyanide to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Acclimated at Different Temperatures

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor G. Kovacs ◽  
Gérard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cyanide Concentration ◽  
Cyanide Toxicity ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations ◽  
Flow Through

The toxicity of cyanide (HCN) to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated for 3 wk at 6, 12, and 18 °C was determined at these temperatures by flow-through bioassays, in the cyanide concentration range of 0.018–0.087 mg∙L−1. The 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.028 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 6 °C, 0.042 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 12 °C, and 0.068 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 18 °C. Warm acclimated rainbow trout survived longer in lethal concentrations of cyanide. Toxicity curves clearly showed the temperature effect on the acute toxicity of cyanide is concentration dependent. At slowly lethal concentrations, cyanide is more toxic at lower temperatures, whereas at rapidly lethal levels the reverse occurs; the reversal takes place at 0.10 mg∙L−1 HCN.Key words: cyanide, acute toxicity, temperature, rainbow trout

Changes in plasma insulin and carbohydrate metabolism of zinc-stressed rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2079-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Wagner ◽  
B. A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Insulin Radioimmunoassay

An experiment was conducted to determine if the hyperglycemia that is observed in zinc-stressed fish is also accompanied by changes in the levels of plasma insulin and liver glycogen. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to three concentrations of zinc sulphate along with a control group over 31 days. Plasma glucose levels were monitored in each group over the course of the experiment. The group demonstrating the most acute and sustained hyperglycemia (0.352 ppm zinc) was then analyzed along with the controls for changes in plasma insulin (using a teleost insulin radioimmunoassay) and liver glycogen levels. Significant depressions in plasma insulin and liver glycogen levels were observed in the zinc-exposed fish when compared with the controls. These changes are discussed with respect to possible influences of epinephrine, which is elevated in stressed fish, and (or) a direct effect of zinc metal on the pancreatic beta cells.

Effects of Truttaedacnitis truttae (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) on growth and swimming of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1220-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Food Consumed

Growth and swimming abilities of fingerling and 1.5-year-old rainbow trout infected with the nematode parasite Truttaedacnitis truttae were examined. Control trout and trout infected in the laboratory with 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 worms exhibited similar growth characteristics over a 10-week period within each of four experimental groups fed different rations of trout chow (1, 2, 3, or 4% of wet body weight fed per day). Decreasing growth rates showed some correlation with increasing numbers of nematode parasites. Differences between growth rates, amounts of food consumed, and food conversion efficiencies of infected and noninfected fish were not statistically significant. Critical swimming speed, fixed velocity, and burst velocity stamina tests revealed similar swimming abilities in both control and infected trout. Maximum swimming speeds attained and time to fatigue at cruising speeds were more closely related to fish size than to numbers of worms with which fish were infected. Importance to rainbow trout survival of large natural infections with T. truttae is discussed.

Metabolism and Biliary Excretion of Sulfobromophthalein by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1301-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana C. Schmidt ◽  
L. J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Liver Blood Flow ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Spinal Transection ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Plasma Half Life

The plasma half-life of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was 13 min for doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg and 29 min for a dose of 15 mg/kg. The biliary BSP transport maximum (Tm) averaged 9.6 μg/min per kg for five fish while the blood clearance averaged 1.7 ml/min per kg for two fish. Normal bile flows of 0.87 μliter/min per kg in trout were increased upon anesthetization but were unaffected in fish allowed to recover from spinal transection. Spinal transection did not affect the plasma half-life of BSP.The data presented support the conclusion that the transport of BSP from liver cells to bile is the rate-limiting step in the excretion of this dye. When the BSP Tm of trout was compared to literature values for mammals and dogfish (Squalus acanthias), large differences were found which were probably caused by effects of different temperatures and blood flows. When the Tm values of the various species were based on blood clearance of BSP (reflecting liver blood flow) the differences were greatly reduced, suggesting similar abilities of the liver of the various species to excrete this dye.

Diet and growth of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in two streams on the New England Tableland, New South Wales

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 967 ◽  
Author(s):  
RWJ Pidgeon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New England ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
South Wales

The diets and growth rates of rainbow trout in the Wollomombi and Guy Fawkes Rivers in northern New South Wales were examined. The growth rate of trout in the Wollomombi River was much higher than that of fish in the Guy Fawkes River. Spearman rank correlation coefficients indicated that stream type was more important than fish size in determining the composition of the diet of the trout. Benthic invertebrates formed the largest component of the diet in both streams: 66.0 and 63.0% of ash-free dry weight (AFDW) in the Wollomombi River and the Guy Fawkes River, respectively. Trout in the Wollomombi River consumed more nektonic prey (33.3% of AFDW) than fish in the Guy Fawkes River (3.7% of AFDW). In contrast, surface food (aquatic imagines and terrestrial insects) made up a much higher proportion of the diet of trout in the Guy Fawkes River (33.9% of AFDW) than in the Wollomombi River (0.6% of AFDW). Crayfish were a major component of the diet (in terms of AFDW) in both streams, their proportions increasing with fish size. The significance of crayfish in relation to fish growth is discussed.

Toxicity of Oil Sands Plant Wastewaters and Associated Organic Contaminants

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Hrudey ◽  
G.A. Sergy ◽  
T. Thackeray
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Organic Analysis ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Trace Organic

Abstract Acute toxicity testing using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) was conducted on two wastewater streams from an oil sands extraction and upgrading plant. The main effluent stream from the upgrading plant was non-acutely toxic in flow-through bioassay while the construction drainage from the tailings pond dyke was acutely lethal in static bioassay with an extrapolated LC50 of 11% (by volume). With no obvious toxicant present, trace organic analysis was undertaken based on the high indeterminate organic carbon content of the sample. Analysis by GC-MS of the sample was able to identify four compounds: 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, (BHT); di-n-butyl phthalate, (DBP); bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, (BEHA); and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (BEHP). Toxicity testing of the compounds required the evaluation of various schemes for the preparation of the test mixtures. Direct emulsion of the test compounds in water was ultimately adopted. Ninety-six hour static bioassays with rainbow trout indicated LC50 values of 540 mg/l for BEHP, 3 mg/l for BHT, 1.2 mg/l for DBP, and an approximate range of 54–110 mg/l for BEHA. Loss of emulsified components from the test mixture during the bioassays suggested that calculated LC50 values likely underestimate the actual toxicity of the compounds. The contribution by BEHA and BEHP to the whole effluent toxicity was likely minor while BHT and DBP indicated sufficient acute lethal toxicity to warrant further consideration. The feasibility of trace organic analysis and component toxicity testing as a means for conducting longer term research on oil sands wastewaters was demonstrated.

Swimming Performance and Behavior of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and White Perch (Morone americana): Effects of Attaching Telemetry Transmitters

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest J. Mellas ◽  
James M. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Perch ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Morone Americana ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
And Behavior

Implicit in biotelemetry studies is the assumption that transmitter attachment does not affect fish behavior or performance. We conducted experiments to determine effects of external, surgical, and stomach tag attachments on the swimming performance and behavior of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and white perch (Morone americana). Only one rainbow trout changed dominance rank after dummy tag attachment. Subordinate fish had significantly lower weights than subdominant and dominant fish, but there were no significant differences in exhaustion times. Externally tagged trout had significantly lower exhaustion times than other tagged groups and controls. There was no significant difference in exhaustion times among tagged white perch and controls. Externally and surgically tagged perch contracted serious fungal infections during a 45-d survival study; however, few disease and no survival problems among tagged and untagged rainbow trout were noted up to 21 d. With all factors taken into account, it appears that stomach tagging is the best method of transmitter attachment, except when regurgitation and/or stomach atrophy are likely to be encountered.

Differences in Swimming Performance Among Strains of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan E. Thomas ◽  
Michael J. Donahoo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Performance Profiles

Swimming performance profiles, relating fish size to swimming time, were established for three strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). No differences were found in slope of regressions; only in level at each size of fish. Swimming performances of New Zealand and Sand Creek strains did not differ, but were superior to the Manchester strain. In stamina results from 189-day-old fish from individual matings of seven strains and various crosses, similar strains and crosses had closely matching profiles whereas profiles of unrelated groups were variable. Comparison of slowest, average, and fastest growing fish within the New Zealand strain showed that swimming ability was not related to growth rate.

Endrin Toxicosis in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake F. Grant ◽  
Paul M. Mehrle
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
High Doses

In mature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) receiving sublethal doses of endrin (4.3–145 × μg/kg body wt/day in 0.215–7.25 mg/kg of food) for 163 days and then forced to swim for 1 hr, the insecticide affected serum electrolytes, osmolality, total protein, cholesterol, cortisol, lactate, glucose, liver glycogen, and growth. Forced swimming alone altered 9 of 16 serum parameters examined. Apparent increases in serum Na and Cl and significant increases in osmolality and liver glycogen were directly related to dosage. A biphasic distribution of phosphate, total protein, and cholesterol with dosage was apparent. Glucose was increased about 50% by 145 μg/kg but was unaffected by lower doses. Variance analysis of zone electrophoretic patterns disclosed an in teraction between serum protein distribution and dose. Mobilization of liver glycogen was apparently inhibited by low doses and almost totally blocked by high doses. Correspondingly, trout given 14.5 μg/kg or more had lowered serum cortisol levels whereas the lowest dose elevated cortisol. Growth was inhibited appreciably by 145 μg/kg but not by lower doses. Visceral fat accumulated 4.8–8.7 μg endrin/g tissue in the 43 and 145 μg/kg exposures. We conclude that endrin caused dysfunction of physiologic processes critical to survival.

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