Aquatic Invertebrates from the Smoking Hills, N.W.T.: Effect of pH and Metals on Mortality

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Havas ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Metal Removal ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Daphnia Middendorffiana ◽  
Extreme Sensitivity ◽  
Tundra Ponds ◽  
Al Additions ◽  
Alkaline Waters

Experiments were conducted on planktonic crustaceans and insect larvae from acidic and alkaline tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T. to determine their tolerance to low pH and elevated levels of potentially toxic elements, including Al. The crustaceans (Daphnia middendorffiana, Diaptomus arcticus, Lepidurus arcticus, Branchinecta paludosa), which are found only in alkaline ponds, died rapidly below pH 4.5. The insect larvae (Orthocladius consobrinus and Limnephilus pallens) from the same alkaline ponds were able to survive for extended periods at pH 3.5, though they do not occur in acidic waters at the Smoking Hills. The red chironomid (Chironomus riparius) is restricted to acidic ponds although it was able to survive not only at pH 2.8, but also in pond water of pH 8.2.Water from an acidic pond (pH 2.8) was markedly more toxic to crustaceans than water from an alkaline pond (pH 8.2) when both were adjusted to pH 4.5. Elevated concentrations of aluminum may account for this additional toxicity of the acidic pond water. Levels reached 20 mg/L Al, and in experiments with Al, additions to the alkaline waters and to the acidic pond waters, after metal removal, caused toxicity to the crustaceans.The absence of crustaceans from acidic ponds at the Smoking Hills may be due to their extreme sensitivity to low pH. The similarly restricted distribution of certain of the insect larvae, in contrast, cannot be explained this simply. Metal concentrations in acidic ponds impose an added stress. Aluminum was found to be the key additional factor to that of H+ ion concentration.Key words: acidic ponds, tundra ponds, Smoking Hills, bioassays, zooplankton, insect larvae, crustaceans, Daphnia, Diaptomus, Lepidurus, Brachinecta, Chironomus, Orthocladius, Limnephilus, heavy metals, aluminum, calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, nickel

Effect of low pH on the chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T., Canada

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Havas ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Daphnia Middendorffiana ◽  
Tundra Ponds

Experiments were conducted to compare the relative sensitivity and chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates (insects and crustaceans) exposed to low pH. Test organisms were collected from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T. One of the ponds was alkaline (pH 8.2), the other was acidified (pH 2.8) as a result of natural SO2 fumigations. Based on mortality rates, crustaceans were considerably more sensitive to low pH than insect larvae. Sensitive species (Crustacea: Daphnia middendorffiana, Diaptomus arcticus, Branchinecta paludosa, Lepidurus arcticus; and Diptera: Orthocladius consobrinus) were unable to maintain high internal levels of Na and Cl. K concentrations were also lower in dead and dying Daphnia but not in the more tolerant Diptera larvae (O. consobrinus and Chironomus riparius). There was a net loss of Ca at low pH, but this did not correlate with mortality. Daphnia middendorffiana recovered following brief exposure to pH4.0. During recovery Na and Cl concentrations returned to their original levels. Acid-exposed Daphnia became infected by pathogenic fungi. No evidence of fungal infection was observed in any of the other treatments. Water chemistry also altered the chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates. All of the crustaceans as well as the trichopteran Limnephilus pallens had lower body Na, Cl, and Ca concentrations in the acidified pond water than in the alkaline pond water adjusted to pH 4.5. Part of this difference in their chemical composition may be due to elevated Al concentrations in the acidified pond water.

Effects of long-term natural acidification on the algal communities of tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T., Canada

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Sheath ◽  
M. Havas ◽  
J. A. Hellebust ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Low Ph ◽  
Structural Examination ◽  
Algal Communities ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Volcanic Lakes ◽  
Chlamydomonas Acidophila ◽  
Tundra Ponds ◽  
Alkaline Waters

Epipelic and planktonic algal communities have been examined periodically for 3 years from four tundra ponds which have very low pH values (1.8–3.6) and high heavy metal concentrations due to long-term fumigation by sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid aerosols from nearby lignite burns. These communities have been compared with those of control ponds which are situated further from the burns and have alkaline waters (pH 8) due to calcareous marl soils. The 90 species identified from the control ponds are members of nine classes of algae. In contrast, 14 species have been observed in the fumigated ponds which are representatives of four classes, the Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Cryptophyceae. The plankton of the control ponds is typical of tundra ponds in that it is dominated by small flagellates, particularly the cryptomonad Chroomonas minuta. Diatoms such as Amphora, Navicula and Surirella species, are the major components of the epipelic periphyton of these ponds, accounting for 67 to 90% of the biomass. Most of the primary productivity and biomass of the algae in the acidified ponds is benthic (3.7 versus 0.17 mg C m−2 h−1 for epipelon and plankton, respectively). The dominant species in the fumigated ponds include Chlamydomonas acidophila, Euglena mutabilis, Nitzschia communis, Eunotia arcus, and Eunotia glacialis. Fine structural examination of Euglena and Nitzschia indicates that these species are healthy under conditions of pH 1.8 and high heavy metals. These results show that the flora of the fumigated ponds is atypical of tundra ponds but rather is similar to that of very acidic temperate waters such as those draining coal-mined areas or volcanic lakes.

Amorphous phosphated titanium oxide with amino and hydroxyl bifunctional groups for highly efficient heavy metal removal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1266-1274
Author(s):  
Peng Wang ◽  
Du Sun ◽  
Mingxia Deng ◽  
Shaoning Zhang ◽  
Qingyuan Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Titanium Oxide ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Highly Efficient

FAPTO exhibits a low pHzpc value along with abundant amino and hydroxyl bifunctional groups for efficient heavy metal removal from sewage.

The effect of acid stress on survivorship and reproduction of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Walton ◽  
S. M. Compton ◽  
J. D. Allan ◽  
R. E. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
Zooplankton Species ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Acute Test

Laboratory simulation of acid stress to a common cladoceran, Daphnia pulex, was conducted in pond water of varying acidity due to addition of H2SO4. An acute test using exposure times of 1 to 96 h and pH levels of 3.7 and 6.5 revealed virtually no effect at 4.3 and higher, while 4.2 and lower severely reduced survivorship. Very short (3-h) exposures caused nearly complete mortality at pH 3.7, while > 12 h exposure caused high mortality at pH of 4.0–4.2. A chronic 21-d life table test indicated a gradually increasing impairment of population growth rate potential (r) at pH 5.0 and below. This was due primarily to reduced survivorship and delayed onset of reproductive maturity. Those individuals which survived at lower pH levels produced broods equivalent to unstressed daphnids. While the tolerance of D. pulex to low pH does not appear to have been reported from field surveys, our results are in close agreement with the observed effects of increasing acidity on the distribution of other zooplankton species.

Network models for ponding on sea ice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Coughlan ◽  
Ian Hewitt ◽  
Sam Howison ◽  
Andrew Wells
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Catchment Basin ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Albedo Feedback ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The Individual

<p>Arctic sea ice forms a thin but significant layer at the ocean surface, mediating key climate feedbacks. During summer, surface melting produces considerable volumes of water, which collect on the ice surface in ponds. These ponds have long been suggested as a contributing factor to the discrepancy between observed and predicted sea ice extent. When viewed at large scales ponds have a complicated, approximately fractal geometry and vary in area from tens to thousands of square meters. Increases in pond depth and area lead to further increases in heat absorption and overall melting, contributing to the ice-albedo feedback.</p><p>Previous modelling work has focussed either on the physics of individual ponds or on the statistical behaviour of systems of ponds. We present a physically-based network model for systems of ponds which accounts for both the individual and collective behaviour of ponds. Each pond initially occupies a distinct catchment basin and evolves according to a mass-conserving differential equation representing the melting dynamics for bare and water-covered ice. Ponds can later connect together to form a network with fluxes of water between catchment areas, constrained by the ice topography and pond water levels.</p><p>We use the model to explore how the evolution of pond area and hence melting depends on the governing parameters, and to explore how the connections between ponds develop over the melt season. Comparisons with observations are made to demonstrate the ways in which the model qualitatively replicates properties of pond systems, including fractal dimension of pond areas and two distinct regimes of pond complexity that are observed during their development cycle. Different perimeter-area relationships exist for ponds in the two regimes. The model replicates these relationships and exhibits a percolation transition around the transition between these regimes, a facet of pond behaviour suggested by previous studies. Our results reinforce the findings of these studies on percolation thresholds in pond systems and further allow us to constrain pond coverage at this threshold - an important quantity in measuring the scale and effects of the ice-albedo feedback.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of water pH on susceptibility of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease Vibrio parahaemolyticus

2019 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Tuan V. Vo
Keyword(s):  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease

Effect of water pH on susceptibility of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus was carried out in laboratory condition. White leg shrimp (2 - 3 g) were challenged by immersion for 2 h with tryptic soy broth (TSB)-grown Vibrio parahaemolyticus at 10 times lower dose of LD50. The results showed that the cumulative mortality of V. parahaemolyticus-immersed shrimp after 240 h was increased from low to high pH water levels (23.3 ± 5.8% in pH 6.3; 30.0 ± 20.0% in pH 7.3; 86.7 ± 15.3 in pH 9.3, respectively). The cumulative mortality of shrimp that held in pH = 8.3 was the lowest (20.0 ± 0.0%). In another experiment, immune parameters such as total haemocytes count and respiratory burst of Litopenaeus vannamei held at different pH levels were examined at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results indicated that no significant difference of total haemocytes count was observed at different pH water levels (pH 6.3, 7.3, 8.3, 9.3) at 0 - 72 hpc (hour post challenge). At 96 hpc, total haemocytes count at high pH water level (9.3) was increased and significant difference in comparison with the total haemocytes count recorded in low pH water levels (6.3, 7.3, 8.3). Respiratory burst was also not different at different pH water levels at 0 hpc. However, respiratory burst of shrimp that held at low pH water levels (pH 6.3 and 7.3) was rapidly reduced and significant difference in compared with the shrimp that held in high pH water levels (pH 8.3 and 9.3). It was therefore concluded that low and high pH stress decrease the resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei against V. parahaemolyticus and decrease several parameters of the immune response.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate variability on wetland salinization in the North American Prairies

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 13475-13503
Author(s):  
U. Nachshon ◽  
A. Ireson ◽  
G. van der Kamp ◽  
S. R. Davies ◽  
H. S. Wheater
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
North American ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The North

Abstract. The glaciated plains of the North American continent, also known as the "prairies", are a complex hydrological system characterized by hummocky terrain, where wetlands, containing seasonal or semi-permanent ponds, occupy the numerous topographic depressions. The prairie subsoil and many of its water bodies contain high salt concentrations, in particular sulfate salts, which are continuously cycled within the closed drainage basins. The period between 2000 and 2012 was characterized by an unusual degree of climatic variability, including severe floods and droughts, and this had a marked effect on the spatial distribution, water levels and chemical composition of wetland ponds. Understanding the geochemical and hydrological processes under changing environmental conditions is needed in order to better understand the risk and mitigate the impacts of future soil and water salinization. Here we explore salt dynamics in the prairies using field observations from St. Denis, Saskatchewan, taken over the last 40 yr. Measurements include meteorological data, soil salinity, groundwater levels and pond water volume, salinity, and chemical composition. The record includes periods of exceptional snow (1997, 2007) and periods of exception rainfall (2010, 2012), both of which resulted in unusually high pond water levels. However, severe salinization only occurred in response to extreme summer rainfall. We hypothesize that since rainfall and snowmelt activate different hydrological pathways, they have markedly different impacts on salinization. We propose that a wet condition associated with high snowmelt conditions does not pose a strong threat to salinization, which has important implications for agricultural planning. Whilst this hypothesis is consistent with our conceptual understanding of the system, it needs to be tested further at a range of field sites in the prairies.

Effect of low pH on sodium regulation in two species of Daphnia

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1965-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Havas ◽  
Thomas C. Hutchinson ◽  
Gene E. Likens
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Daphnia Middendorffiana ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Sodium Regulation

The effect of low pH on sodium-22 influx and outflux of Daphnia magna and Daphnia middendorffiana was assessed. Experiments were conducted in both hard and soft water with experimental pHs ranging from 3.5 to 8.0. In hard water, at and below pH 4.0, there was a net loss of sodium from both species. The rate of sodium loss (outflux) increased significantly, while the rate of uptake (influx) remained constant at pH 4.0 compared with the reference pH 8.0. Only at extremely low pH (pH 3.5) was sodium influx inhibited in hard water. In soft water, D. magna responded quite differently. Sodium influx was inhibited by 23% at pH 5.0 and by 69% at pH 4.5 compared with the control (pH 6.5). Sodium outflux was stimulated to 125% of the control at pH 4.5. The net loss of sodium in soft water was due to both an increase in sodium outflux and a decrease in sodium influx, while in hard water the effect was primarily on sodium outflux. Daphnia magna and D. middendorffiana have problems with sodium regulation below pH 5.5 in soft water and below pH 4.5 in hard water, which indicates that they are considerably more sensitive to low pH in soft water than in hard water.

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