Effect of low pH on the chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T., Canada

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Havas ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Daphnia Middendorffiana ◽  
Tundra Ponds

Experiments were conducted to compare the relative sensitivity and chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates (insects and crustaceans) exposed to low pH. Test organisms were collected from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T. One of the ponds was alkaline (pH 8.2), the other was acidified (pH 2.8) as a result of natural SO2 fumigations. Based on mortality rates, crustaceans were considerably more sensitive to low pH than insect larvae. Sensitive species (Crustacea: Daphnia middendorffiana, Diaptomus arcticus, Branchinecta paludosa, Lepidurus arcticus; and Diptera: Orthocladius consobrinus) were unable to maintain high internal levels of Na and Cl. K concentrations were also lower in dead and dying Daphnia but not in the more tolerant Diptera larvae (O. consobrinus and Chironomus riparius). There was a net loss of Ca at low pH, but this did not correlate with mortality. Daphnia middendorffiana recovered following brief exposure to pH4.0. During recovery Na and Cl concentrations returned to their original levels. Acid-exposed Daphnia became infected by pathogenic fungi. No evidence of fungal infection was observed in any of the other treatments. Water chemistry also altered the chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates. All of the crustaceans as well as the trichopteran Limnephilus pallens had lower body Na, Cl, and Ca concentrations in the acidified pond water than in the alkaline pond water adjusted to pH 4.5. Part of this difference in their chemical composition may be due to elevated Al concentrations in the acidified pond water.

Aquatic Invertebrates from the Smoking Hills, N.W.T.: Effect of pH and Metals on Mortality

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Havas ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Metal Removal ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Daphnia Middendorffiana ◽  
Extreme Sensitivity ◽  
Tundra Ponds ◽  
Al Additions ◽  
Alkaline Waters

Experiments were conducted on planktonic crustaceans and insect larvae from acidic and alkaline tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T. to determine their tolerance to low pH and elevated levels of potentially toxic elements, including Al. The crustaceans (Daphnia middendorffiana, Diaptomus arcticus, Lepidurus arcticus, Branchinecta paludosa), which are found only in alkaline ponds, died rapidly below pH 4.5. The insect larvae (Orthocladius consobrinus and Limnephilus pallens) from the same alkaline ponds were able to survive for extended periods at pH 3.5, though they do not occur in acidic waters at the Smoking Hills. The red chironomid (Chironomus riparius) is restricted to acidic ponds although it was able to survive not only at pH 2.8, but also in pond water of pH 8.2.Water from an acidic pond (pH 2.8) was markedly more toxic to crustaceans than water from an alkaline pond (pH 8.2) when both were adjusted to pH 4.5. Elevated concentrations of aluminum may account for this additional toxicity of the acidic pond water. Levels reached 20 mg/L Al, and in experiments with Al, additions to the alkaline waters and to the acidic pond waters, after metal removal, caused toxicity to the crustaceans.The absence of crustaceans from acidic ponds at the Smoking Hills may be due to their extreme sensitivity to low pH. The similarly restricted distribution of certain of the insect larvae, in contrast, cannot be explained this simply. Metal concentrations in acidic ponds impose an added stress. Aluminum was found to be the key additional factor to that of H+ ion concentration.Key words: acidic ponds, tundra ponds, Smoking Hills, bioassays, zooplankton, insect larvae, crustaceans, Daphnia, Diaptomus, Lepidurus, Brachinecta, Chironomus, Orthocladius, Limnephilus, heavy metals, aluminum, calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, nickel

Chemical Composition And In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Of The Essential Oils Of Three Greek Achillea Species

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prokopios Magiatis ◽  
Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis ◽  
Ioanna Chinou ◽  
Serkos A. Haroutounian
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Ms Analysis

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Achillea holosericea, Achillea taygetea, Achillea fraasii was determined by GC/MS analysis. Among the ninety-five assayed constituents, camphor, borneol and 1,8-cineol were found to be the major components. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was evaluated against six bacteria indicating that the first is totally inactive, while the other two possess moderate to strong activities mainly against the Gram negative strains. The essential oil of A. fraasii was also active against the tested pathogenic fungi

scholarly journals Biofoam of Spittlebug, Poophilus costalis (Walker): Preferential Sites, Temperature Regulation, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Kitherian Sahayaraj ◽  
Balakrishnan Saranya ◽  
Samy Sayed ◽  
Loko Yêyinou Laura Estelle ◽  
Koilraj Madasamy
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
College Campus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

The foam produced by nymphs of Poophilus costalis on eleven different host plants belonging to eight families on St. Xavier’s College campus in India was studied over five months. The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of these biofoams were investigated. The results revealed that P. costalis preferred Theporsia purpurea and Mimosa pudica for laying their eggs and producing foam, over the other tested plants. P. costalis produce their foam on either nodes or internodes on monocotyledons (30%) (p < 0.05), whereas on dicotyledons, they produce more foam on the stems (63.8%) than on the leaves (6.2%) (p < 0.01). The number of nymphs in each piece of foam from P. costalis varied from 1 to 3 (mean = 1.8 per plant). They produced their foam (5.7 to 45.2 cm) from the ground level on a plant. The length and breadth of a piece of foam ranged from 1.0 to 3.9 cm and 0.6 to 4.7 cm, respectively. The foam tended to be cooler than the environment. Qualitative profiling showed that the foam consists of carbohydrates, including maltose; trypsin; amino acids; protease. The foam was also analyzed using a spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity of the biofoam was the greatest against Staphylococcus aureus, the growth of which was reduced by 55.9 ± 3.9%, suggesting that the foam could be used as an antimicrobial product. However, no activities were observed against Fusarium oxysporum and Candida albicans.

scholarly journals Pollution Characteristics, Distribution and Ecological Risk of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils from an Abandoned Coal Mine Area in Southwestern China

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Libo Pan ◽  
Xiao Guan ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Yanjun Chen ◽  
Ying Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Background Values

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned coal mines can lead to serious environmental problems due to its low pH and high concentrations of potentially toxic elements. In this study, soil pH, sulfur (S) content, and arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured in 27 surface soil samples from areas in which coal-mining activities ceased nine years previously in Youyu Catchment, Guizhou Province, China. The soil was acidic, with a mean pH of 5.28. Cadmium was the only element with a mean concentration higher than the national soil quality standard. As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Fe concentrations were all higher than the background values in Guizhou Province. This was especially true for the Cd, Cu, and Fe concentrations, which were 1.69, 1.95, and 12.18 times their respective background values. The geoaccumulation index of Cd and Fe was present at unpolluted to moderately polluted and heavily polluted levels, respectively, indicating higher pollution levels than for the other elements in the study area. Spatially, significantly high Fe and S concentrations, as well as extremely low pH values, were found in the soils of the AMD sites; however, sites where tributaries merged with the Youyu River (TM) had the highest Cd pollution level. Iron originated mainly from non-point sources (e.g., AMD and coal gangues), while AMD and agricultural activity were the predominant sources of Cd. The results of an eco-risk assessment indicated that Cd levels presented a moderate potential ecological risk, while the other elements all posed a low risk. For the TM sites, the highest eco-risk was for Cd, with levels that could be harmful for aquatic organisms in the wet season, and may endanger human health via the food chain.

The Ecology of the Western Swamp Tortoise Pseudemydura Umbrina (Testudines: Chelidae).

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Burbidge
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Desiccation Rate ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Growth Activity

Western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) was rediscovered in Western Australia in 1954. It is a relict species of a monotypic genus, of very restricted range and specialized habitat. Population was estimated to be 13 to 45 and decreasing at 1 of its 2 native reserves and to be 10 to 45 and static at the other reserve. It does not use permanent water, but lives and feeds in ephemeral winter swamps and spends the other 6 to 9 months of the year in refuges in leaf litter, under fallen branches or in holes in the ground, in contact with the soil. The tortoise is carnivorous and in the wild takes only live aquatic organisms. Captive adults will not take meat until they have starved for many months. Stomach of 1 female (Edward, pers. commun.) had aquatic crustaceans, chiefly Eulimnadia sp., with insects and insect larvae, mainly Coleoptera and Diptera. Study of faeces confirmed that observation had shown that small tadpoles and an aquatic earthworm (Eodrilus cornigravei) were eaten also. Reproduction, growth, activity relative to body and water temperature, and desiccation rate, were noted. One adult female tortoise was eaten by a fox. Foxes and bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) eat eggs of other tortoises and would eat those of P. umbrina. Hatchlings may be eaten by large wading birds such as straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) and white-faced heron (Notophoyx novaehollandiae).

Limnetic Zooplankton Assemblages in Atlantic Canada with Special Reference to Acidification

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. H. Carter ◽  
W. D. Taylor ◽  
R. Chengalath ◽  
D. A. Scruton
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Fish Predation ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Biological Factors

Crustacean and rotifer plankton assemblages of 93 lakes in Labrador, 107 in Newfoundland, and 142 in New Brunswick – Nova Scotia were investigated for evidence of correlations with lake morphometric, chemical, or biological factors. Labrador assemblages were almost completely lacking in identifiable structure. Newfoundland species clustered into two groups of different body size, suggesting the influence of fish predation. Only one species in Labrador and Newfoundland was significantly correlated with a derived factor related to lake water buffering capacity. New Brunswick – Nova Scotia species clustered into two groups, one featuring significant positive and the other significant negative correlations with the buffering factor. From this we conclude that acidification is having an impact on the limnetic zooplankton of these two provinces. Multiple discriminant analysis was used to demonstrate that New Brunswick – Nova Scotia lakes differing in their buffering capacity were also distinct in zooplankton composition. Lakes with low factor scores (low pH, alkalinity, and calcium) were mainly located in the Bay of Fundy region; this area has above average fog and precipitation, and lies within the summer air flow carrying pollutants from the south.

Studies on the к-casein complex: II. The isolation of a sialic acid-containing fraction by disrupting the complex at low pH in the presence of sodium chloride

1965 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Beeby
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trichloracetic Acid ◽  
Complex Ii ◽  
Total Sialic Acid

SummaryWhen crude к-casein was precipitated at pH 3 in the presence of 0·4m-NaCl the supernatant contained up to 80% of the total sialic acid but no detectable cystine or cysteine. Two fractions were obtained from this supernatant by chromatography on DEAE cellulose; one containing 4–6% sialic acid and the other only onetenth of this amount.Most of the sialic acid of the sialic acid-rich fraction was soluble in 12% trichloracetic acid following treatment with rennin. It is suggested that the glycopeptide released by the action of the enzyme on casein originates from this fraction.

scholarly journals Quantitative assessment of ionic status of pond water for irrigation and aquaculture usage in the selected sites of Mymensingh areas, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-313
Author(s):  
Taslima Akter ◽  
Shampa Rani Ghosh ◽  
Sitesh Chandra Sarker ◽  
Md Mokhlesur Rahman ◽  
KM Eadun Nabi
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acceptable Limit ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Agricultural Chemistry ◽  
Inorganic Components

Ponds are considered to be self-contained, land lock ecosystem which is often teeming with rich vegetation and diverse organismal life. The pond water contains different organic and inorganic components. The experiment was carried out in laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh through collection of pond water from Gouripur and Muktagacha under Mymensingh division for assessment of major ionic status and suitability parameters for irrigation and aquaculture usage in quantitative way. Around 30 samples were collected from different location. On the basis of HCO3 ion, all water samples except 3 samples were not suitable for irrigation because this anion exceeded the acceptable limit (1.5 meL-1). On the other hand, HCO3 ion was not treated as problematic in all samples except 2 samples for aquaculture usages. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, PO4 and SO4 were far below the recommended limit. Considering aquaculture usage, Cl ion was considered as hazardous in all the pond water samples because this anion was above the legal limit (<0.003mgL-1). pH value of pond ranged from 7.02 to 7.87 indicating alkaline in nature and were not problematic for irrigation and aquaculture usage. Among the major ionic constituents, the remarkable significant correlations existed between Ca vs Mg, Ca vs K, Mg vs SO4, K vs Na, Na vs SO4. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 301-313, August 2019

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN LEAF-CUTTING ANTS, Atta sexdens (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), USING PATHOGENIC FUNGI

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarcísio Marcos Macedo Mota Filho ◽  
Luis Eduardo Pontes Stefanelli ◽  
Roberto da Silva Camargo ◽  
Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Matos ◽  
Luiz Carlos Forti
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fungus Garden ◽  
Atta Sexdens ◽  
Main Method ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Leaf Cutting

ABSTRACT Chemical control using toxic baits containing the active ingredient sulfluramid at 0.3% (w/w) is the main method for controlling leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex. However, since 2009, when sulfluramid was included in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, there has been an intense search for new methods that are efficient in controlling these insects. Among said new methods, biological control using pathogenic fungi has shown promising results in laboratory conditions. The objective of this study, given the context presented, was to assess the potential of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harzianum in controlling Atta sexdens. Colonies of A. sexdens were exposed to the fungi by means of formulated baits provided in a foraging chamber, or of suspensions sprayed on the fungus garden, and had their behavioral changes recorded for 21 days. For both formulations, concentrations of 10 and 20% (w/w) of the fungi being studied were used. The results allowed concluding that baits containing 10 and 20% (w/w) of the fungi B. bassiana and T. harzianum were not efficient in controlling colonies of A sexdens. On the other hand, spraying suspensions of 20% (w/w) of B. bassiana and 10% and 20% (w/w) of T. harzianum was efficient and resulted in 100% mortality of the colonies 11, 9 and 7 days after application, respectively. These findings indicate that the fungi B. bassiana and T. harzianum are promising as agents for the control of A. sexdens colonies, when sprayed on the fungus garden, although there are still some challenges as to their use related to the development of technologies for the application of the pathogen.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Proximate Composition and Heavy Metal Concentration of Molacarplet (Amblypharyngodon mola) and Spotted Snakehead (Channa punctatus) Collected from Pond Water and Open Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
FH Shikha ◽  
MI Hossain ◽  
MA Mansur ◽  
N Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Channa Punctatus ◽  
Composition Analysis

A study was conducted on the proximate composition and heavy metal concentration of Amblypharyngodon mola and Channa punctatus collected from pond water and open water in Mymensingh. The proximate composition analysis result showed -protein, lipid, moisture and ash content (%) of pond water A. mola were 20.26±0.63, 6.70±0.17, 66.40±1.51 and 2.55±0.58, respectively and for the fish caught from open water the values were 19.66±0.75, 5.81±0.18, 63.03±0.82 and 2.92±0.15, respectively. On the other hand, protein, lipid, moisture and ash content (%) of pond water C. punctatus found 23.83±1.07, 5.91±0.11, 64.44±1.87 and 3.23±0.11, respectively whereas the values for the fish caught from open water were 22.21±0.66, 5.43±0.19, 62.73±1.65 and 3.67±0.47, respectively. Arsenic (As) concentration of A. mola was higher in open water fishes (0.23±0.05 μg g-1) than the fishes of pond water (0.14±0.03 μg g-1). Cd concentration of pond water C. punctatus was found 0.21±0.04 μg g-1 whereas open water fishes contained 0.28±0.06 μg g-1. Copper (Cu) concentration of pond water and open water A. mola was 0.27±0.07 μg g-1 and 0.32±0.04 μg g-1, respectively. Heavy metal concentration of A. mola and C. punctatus was within permissible limits except Cd. The result revealed that open water fishes had higher concentration of heavy metals in their muscle than the fishes of pond water. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 12(1&2): 91-99, 2019

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