Influence of Drilling Muds on the Primary Chemosensory Neurons in Walking Legs of the Lobster, Homarus americanus

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Derby ◽  
Jelle Atema
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Chemosensory Neurons ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Food Odors ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Drilling Muds

The effects of whole drilling muds on the normal activity of walking leg chemosensory neurons of the lobster, Homarus americanus, were examined using extracellular neurophysiological recording techniques. Exposure of legs for 3–5 min to 10 mg/L drilling mud suspended in seawater altered responses to food odors of 29% of the chemoreceptors examined (data pooled for the two drilling muds tested); similar exposure to 100 mg/L drilling mud resulted in interference with 44% of all receptors studied. The effects of both of these concentrations are statistically significant, although they are not different from each other. Interference was usually manifested as a marked reduction in the number of action potentials in a response. In one preparation, the exposure to drilling mud caused a change in the temporal pattern of the spikes without affecting the total number of spikes. Other chemosensory neurons were excited by 10 mg/L drilling mud itself. However, not all chemoreceptors are inhibited by these drilling muds since responses to feeding stimuli were recorded from the legs of lobsters that had been exposed to drilling mud for 4–8 d before the neurophysiological experiments.Antennular and leg chemoreceptors are important in eliciting normal feeding behavior in lobsters. Although behavioral assays have demonstrated that feeding behavior is altered following exposure to drilling muds and petroleum fractions, there is no conclusive proof for a causal relationship between chemoreceptor interference and behavioral deficits. The two techniques complement each other as pollution detection assays, perhaps reflecting a common interference mechanism.Key words: chemoreception, drilling mud, feeding behavior, lobster, pollution, neurophysiology

Effects of Drilling Muds on Behavior of the American Lobster, Homarus americanus, in Water Column and Substrate Exposures

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelle Atema ◽  
Dale F. Leavitt ◽  
Diana E. Barshaw ◽  
M. Carmela Cuomo
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Natural Mud ◽  
Shelter Construction ◽  
Drilling Muds

Studies were conducted to explore the effects of drilling muds on various aspects of lobster behavior directly related to survival in the field. Toxicity of different drilling muds varied from immediately lethal to adult lobsters to apparently harmless to postlarval stages, with a variety of intermediate effects. Both the chemical toxicity in the water column and the physical effects of covering the substrate with drilling mud were studied, and both interfered with normal lobster behavior. The studies are mainly concerned with postlarval lobsters (stages IV and V), i.e. just after settling on the bottom. They were tested in 36-d chronic exposures (7 mg/L) and in seminatural aquaria with 1-mm layers of drilling mud covering the substrate. Toxicity in the water column manifested itself in feeding and molting delays, severe delays in shelter construction, increased walking and swimming, unprovoked tail flipping, and lethargy. A natural bay mud used as a control caused no such effects. Physical effects of substrate cover were apparent in experiments with 1-, 2-, and 4-mm layers of drilling mud and similar layers of a mixture of bentonite and barite covering a natural mud substrate. In depths of 4 mm both kinds of substrate cover caused severe delays in shelter construction and in quality of burrows constructed. Thus, substrates with 4-mm to perhaps as little as 1-mm covering of drilling mud may cause increased exposure of lobsters to predators and currents, resulting in the substrate becoming unsuitable for lobster settling and survival.Key words: drilling muds, lobster, behavior, toxicity, shelter construction, molting, feeding, survival

Physiological Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Handling and Crowding Stress in Intensive Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture

Moving 4–5-in. coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held in soft (20 ppm CaCO3) water from the relatively light loading density of 0.5 lb/ft3 to 1, 2, or 4 lb/ft3 (density index, DI = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) caused significant stress as indicated by loss of feeding behavior, but only minimal physiological disturbances, as indicated by lack of hyperglycemia or hypochloremia. However, moving them to 6 or 12 lb/ft3 (DI = 1.2, 2.4) caused significant physiological stress which required at least a week for recovery. Smolting coho salmon were physiologically stressed by population densities of 1 lb/ft3 or more and a subclinical corynebacterial kidney infection was activated. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (4–5 in.) were physiologically stressed when moved and held at 1 lb/ft3 or more but retained normal feeding behavior. This indicates that handling and crowding stress will be minimized in softwater areas if densities in fish distribution trucks or in ponds or raceways during disease treatments are held to 0.1–0.5 lb/gal.

scholarly journals Novel Desorber for Online Drilling Mud Gas Logging

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Marcin Lackowski ◽  
Marek Tobiszewski ◽  
Jacek Namieśnik
Keyword(s):  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Analytical System ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
Lower Limits

This work presents the construction solution and experimental results of a novel desorber for online drilling mud gas logging. The traditional desorbers use mechanical mixing of the liquid to stimulate transfer of hydrocarbons to the gaseous phase that is further analyzed. The presented approach is based on transfer of hydrocarbons from the liquid to the gas bubbles flowing through it and further gas analysis. The desorber was checked for gas logging from four different drilling muds collected from Polish boreholes. The results of optimization studies are also presented in this study. The comparison of the novel desorber with a commercial one reveals strong advantages of the novel one. It is characterized by much better hydrocarbons recovery efficiency and allows reaching lower limits of detection of the whole analytical system. The presented desorber seems to be very attractive alternative over widely used mechanical desorbers.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Barite and Hematite on the Rheology of Water-Based Drilling Mud

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osei H
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
The Impact

High demand for oil and gas has led to exploration of more petroleum resources even at remote areas. The petroleum resources are found in deeper subsurface formations and drilling into such formations requires a well-designed drilling mud with suitable rheological properties in order to avoid or reduce associated drilling problems. This is because rheological properties of drilling muds have considerable effect on the drilling operation and cleaning of the wellbore. Mud engineers therefore use mud additives to influence the properties and functions of the drilling fluid to obtain the desired drilling mud properties especially rheological properties. This study investigated and compared the impact of barite and hematite as weighting agents for water-based drilling muds and their influence on the rheology. Water-based muds of different concentrations of weighting agents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total weight of the drilling mud) were prepared and their rheological properties determined at an ambient temperature of 24ᵒC to check their impact on drilling operation. The results found hematite to produce higher mud density, plastic viscosity, gel strength and yield point when compared to barite at the same weighting concentrations. The higher performance of the hematite-based muds might be attributed to it having higher specific gravity, better particle distribution and lower particle attrition rate and more importantly being free from contaminants. The water-based muds with hematite will therefore be more promising drilling muds with higher drilling and hole cleaning efficiency than those having barite.

Case Study of Identifying and Minimizing Formation Damage in Tight Reservoirs Caused by Drilling Fluids in Abu Dhabi Onshore Operation Using Compatibility Coreflood Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Saragi ◽  
Mohammad Husien ◽  
Dalia Salim Abdullah ◽  
Ryan McLaughlin ◽  
Ian Patey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Abu Dhabi ◽  
Formation Damage ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Hydrocarbon Recovery ◽  
Tight Reservoirs ◽  
Filtrate Loss ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
Loss Control

Abstract A study was carried out to examine formation damage mechanisms caused by drilling fluids in tight reservoirs in several onshore oil fields in Abu Dhabi. Three phases of compatibility corefloods were carried out to identify potential to improve hydrocarbon recovery and examine reformulated/alternate drilling muds and treatment fluids. Interpretation was aided by novel Nano-CT quantifications and visualisations. The first phase examined the current drilling muds and showed inconsistent filtrate loss control alongside high levels of permeability alteration. These alterations were caused by retention of drilling mud constituents in the near-wellbore and incomplete clean-up of drilling mud-cakes. Based upon these results, reformulated and alternate drilling muds were examined in Phase 2, and there was a positive impact upon both filtrate loss and permeability, although the Nano-CT quantifications and visualisations showed that drilling mud constituents were still having an impact upon permeability. Candidate treatment fluids were examined in Phase 3, with all having a positive impact and the best performance coming from 15% HCl and an enzyme-based treatment. The interpretative tools showed that these treatments had removed drilling mud-cakes, created wormholes, and bypassed the areas where constituents were retained. The compatibility corefloods on tight reservoir core, alongside high-resolution quantifications and visualisations, therefore identified damaging mechanisms, helped identify potential to improve hydrocarbon recovery, and identify treatment fluid options which could be used in the fields.

scholarly journals Drilling mud with addition of new hydration inhibitor for clay rocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 00013
Author(s):  
Sławomir Wysocki ◽  
Magdalena Gaczoł ◽  
Marta Wysocka
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Effective Inhibition ◽  
Rock Disintegration ◽  
Clay Rocks ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
New Formula

While drilling through clay rocks using water-based mud, number of challenges need to be faced in view of hydration and swelling of this type of rock. Those phenomena consist in the fact, that clay mineral grows in volume due to water contact. In order to limit hydration phenomenon, for clay rocks drilling are used drilling muds with addition of chemical agents called hydration inhibitors. The article describes studies, which resulted in development of new formula of drilling mud with addition of a new short-chained amino polymer developed in Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty AGH-UST Krakow. For the developed mud, tests of technological parameters were conducted according to API RP 13B-1 as well as specialist examinations: linear swelling of Miocene shale and clay rock disintegration. Studies also consists of syntheses of polyampholyte and short-chained cationic polymer. Based on performed studies, it was found that studied mud is characterized by good and easy to regulate technological parameters as well as effective inhibition of hydration, swelling and disintegration of clay rocks.

scholarly journals Experimental Research of Shale Pellet Swelling in Nano-Based Drilling Muds

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6246
Author(s):  
Borivoje Pašić ◽  
Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec ◽  
Petar Mijić ◽  
Igor Medved
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Wellbore Instability ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
Mud Filtrate

The drilling of clay-rich formations, such as shale, is an extremely demanding technical and technological process. Shale consists of mixed clay minerals in different ratios and in contact with water from drilling mud. It tends to swell and cause different wellbore instability problems. Usually, the petroleum industry uses various types of salt and/or polymers as shale hydration inhibitors. The aim of this research was to determine whether nanoparticles can be used as shale swelling inhibitors because due to their small size they can enter the shale nanopores, plug them and stop further penetration of mud filtrate into the shale formation. Swelling of bentonite-calcium carbonate pellets after 2 and 24 h in water and drilling mud (water, bentonite, PAC and NaOH) without nanoparticles and with addition of TiO2 (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%) and SiO2 (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%) nanoparticles was measured using a linear swell meter. Additionally, granulometric analyses of bentonite as well as the zeta potential of tested muds containing nanoparticles were performed. Based on the laboratory research, it can generally be concluded that the addition of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles in water and base drilling mud reduces the swelling of pellets up to 40.06%.

Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor

10.1038/13514 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1188-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Naveilhan ◽  
Hessameh Hassani ◽  
Josep M. Canals ◽  
A. Jonas Ekstrand ◽  
Åsa Larefalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Y2 Receptor ◽  
Normal Feeding

Stabilization of Drilling Fluid Waste with Fly Ash

1986 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Deeley ◽  
Larry W. Canter ◽  
Joakim G. Laguros
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
High Calcium Fly Ash ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Land Disposal ◽  
Drilling Muds

Water based drilling muds typically contain clays, barite, lime, caustic soda and other chemicals, such as polymers. Land disposal of these wastes raises the possibility of groundwater pollution which can be abated if the waste is stabilized either by chemical reaction or by solidification through some form of cementation. Many ASTM high-calcium (Class C) fly ashes are cementitious and thus may be useful in stabilization of drilling mud. The basic idea is to stabilize the clay-containing muds using the model of soil and roadbed stabilization with high-calcium fly ash [1]. Fly ash that is not utilized is considered to be a solid waste, so this application would would actually constitute codisposal of two wastes.

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