Effect of Seasonal Photoperiod on Acute Toxic Responses of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Pulpmill Effluent

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1388-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
Michael R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Toxic Responses ◽  
Acute Toxic

Acute toxic responses to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent were compared for groups of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared under constant temperature and either a summer (16L:8D) or winter (8L:16D) photoperiod. Toxicity tests included a 96-h LC50 bioassay, a 4.5-h sealed-jar test, an 18-h temperature tolerance test, and a 4-h blood-sugar stress bioassay. For all tests the threshold-effect concentration of effluent was not affected by photoperiod. Median effective concentrations for the blood-sugar, temperature tolerance, and sealed-jar tests were, respectively, < 0.2, 0.4, and ~1.4 times the 96-h LC50 value for each fish group. Key words: Salmo gairdneri, photoperiod, BKME, acute toxicity tests, LC50, blood sugar, temperature tolerance, residual oxygen

Effect of Sulfite Dechlorination on the Accumulation of Waterborne Lead by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Laboratory Water

Chlorine can be removed from laboratory water supplies by reduction with sodium sulfite, but sulfite complexation of metals may bias aquatic toxicity tests. We tested the effect of waterborne sulfite on the accumulation of waterborne lead by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). After 96 h, the blood lead levels of trout exposed to both 100 μg lead/L and 440 μg sodium sulfite/L were lower than those exposed to lead alone. The highest level of sodium sulfite having no effect on blood lead was 20 μg/L. The addition of 200–300 μg sodium sulfite/L to our water supply after charcoal filtration removed residual chlorine levels rapidly and completely. This reaction, and other possible reactions with organic matter, always reduced measureabie sulfite levels to less than 1 μg/L (limit of detection), a level much lower than those tested. Hence, sulfite dechlorination should not interfere with metal bioassays.

Influence of pH on the Acute Lethality of Fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and Aminocarb and Some pH-Altered Sublethal Effects of Aminocarb on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Doe ◽  
W. R. Ernst ◽  
W. R. Parker ◽  
G. R. J. Julien ◽  
P. A. Hennigar
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Range ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

Three pesticides, fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and aminocarb, were tested in static 96-h acute lethal toxicity tests using fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at pH 4.6, 5.6, 6.9, and 8.5. The toxicity of aminocarb, a base, increased significantly with increasing pH. Conversely, the toxicity of the acidic pesticide 2,4-D increased with decreasing pH. The toxicity of the neutral pesticide fenitrothion did not change significantly with changing pH. Subsequent tests were performed on trout fingerlings with aminocarb to determine the effect of two exposure pH's on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and whole-body aminocarb residue. Brain acetylcholinesterase was found to be inversely proportional to whole-body aminocarb content of fish. In fish exposed at pH 4.6, brain acetylcholinesterase was maximally depressed at 6 h, after which it recovered to within the control range. Whole-body aminocarb concentrations rose to a maximum within 6 h and subsequently declined to low levels. In fish exposed at pH 8.2, brain acetylcholinesterase dropped below the control range by 1 h and remained low until all fish died by 72 h. A maximum whole-body aminocarb concentration was reached within 1 h and remained elevated until the fish died. Several explanations for the observed results are presented.

Increased Toxicity of Ammonia to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Resulting from Reduced Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Thurston ◽  
Glenn R. Phillips ◽  
Rosemarie C. Russo ◽  
Susan M. Hinkins
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Flow Through

The median lethal concentration (LC50) of aqueous ammonia at reduced dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations was tested in acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. Fifteen 96-h flow-through tests were conducted over the D.O. range 2.6–8.6 mg/L, the former concentration being the lowest at which control fish survived. There was a positive linear correlation between LC50 (milligrams per litre un-ionized ammonia) and D.O. over the entire D.O. range tested; ammonia toxicity increased as D.O. decreased. Ammonia LC50 values were also computed for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h; the correlation with D.O. was greater the shorter the time period.Key words: ammonia toxicity, dissolved oxygen, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Influences of Dieldrin on the Growth and Body Composition of Fingerling Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fed Oregon Moist Pellets or Tubificid Worms (Tubifex sp.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Phillips ◽  
Donald R. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Tubificid Worms

Fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed tubificid worms (Tubifex sp.) grew faster than those fed Oregon Moist Pellets (OMP) over a similar range of rations. Faster growth resulted because trout incorporated protein and fat from tubificids more efficiently than from OMP. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of dieldrin in water (0.18 μg/L) did not affect the protein elaboration of trout fed either diet or fat metabolism in trout fed OMP. However, dieldrin reduced fat elaboration in trout fed tubificids. The dieldrin concentrations in trout exposed to dieldrin in water increased as feeding level (and therefore body fat) increased. The different responses to dieldrin by fish fed these two diets provides evidence that the diet offered to fish can significantly influence the outcome of chronic toxicity tests. Key words: Rainbow trout, tubificid worms, Oregon Moist Pellets, dieldrin, growth, fat metabolism

Role of Exposure Duration in Hydrogen Ion Toxicity to Brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence R. Curtis ◽  
Wayne K. Seim ◽  
Lisbeth K. Siddens ◽  
Debra A. Meager ◽  
Richard A. Carchman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Toxicant Concentration

Acidification of streams and rivers associated with rainstorm or snowmelt events is often episodic as are many environmental introductions of toxic substances. We examined the toxicity of continuous or intermittent exposures to sulfuric acid (H+) to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos, alevins, and fry. Acute toxicity tests were conducted with juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). These studies permitted evaluation of key components of intermittent exposures (toxicant concentration, exposure duration, and recovery period) on mortality, reduced growth, and perturbed electrolyte balance. Lethality of H+ markedly changed with developmental stage of brook trout. Resistance of the chorion to H+ penetration probably protected embryonic fish, while hatching and onset of active swimming exacerbated H+ toxicity. Response surface methods demonstrated that between pH 4 and 7, time–concentration relationships for H+ toxicity were greatly influenced by exposure duration and peak concentration but little by length of recovery period. Daily pulses at pH 4 with duration as short 4.5 h produced marked mortality after 90 d. This did not occur after 4–60 d of testing. Whole-body Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations of brook trout were negatively correlated with mean H+ concentrations after 90 d of exposure. Cation depletion appeared to be a more sensitive index of chronic, sublethal H+ toxicity than reduced growth.

Development of a Blood Sugar Bioassay for Rapidly Measuring Stressful Levels of Pulpmill Effluent to Salmonid Fish

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Effluent Exposure

The hyperglycemic stress response of fish was evaluated for use as a rapid test for assessing stressful levels of pulpmill effluents (BKME). Plasma glucose levels in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were elevated within 0.5 h following transfer from the holding tank to aquaria containing either fresh water or BKME, peaking at 3–6 h and returning to near-basal levels at 24 h. Acclimation of coho to aquaria for 24, 48, 72, or 96 h prior to addition of effluent resulted in marked increases in glucose levels attributable to BKME. Significant responses to effluent were found with exposures of 3–10 h, whereas levels were not increased with exposures of 2 h or less. Plasma glucose levels increased progressively with increasing effluent concentrations. Threshold effect (EC50) values varied from 0.04 to 0.16 of the 96-h LC50 values. The response to BKME treated previously by the activated sludge process or by foam separation was diminished or absent altogether.Juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and coho displayed a hyperglycemic response with 4-, 6-, or 8-h exposure to an identical effluent concentration, although the magnitude of response of rainbow was less in each instance.The extent to which blood sugar levels are elevated due to effluent exposure is directly related to the liver glycogen reserves of the fish. Acclimation to test tanks for 24–48 h followed by exposure for 3–6 h is suggested as the best working combination for this test.

Temperature Selection of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings in Vertical and Horizontal Gradients

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley ◽  
W. L. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients ◽  
Selection Of

Preferred temperatures of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined in both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. No statistically significant difference was found between the preferred temperatures by the two different methods. This suggests that the nature of the gradient plays a lesser role than generally believed in laboratory investigations of temperature preference.

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