Development of a Blood Sugar Bioassay for Rapidly Measuring Stressful Levels of Pulpmill Effluent to Salmonid Fish

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Effluent Exposure

The hyperglycemic stress response of fish was evaluated for use as a rapid test for assessing stressful levels of pulpmill effluents (BKME). Plasma glucose levels in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were elevated within 0.5 h following transfer from the holding tank to aquaria containing either fresh water or BKME, peaking at 3–6 h and returning to near-basal levels at 24 h. Acclimation of coho to aquaria for 24, 48, 72, or 96 h prior to addition of effluent resulted in marked increases in glucose levels attributable to BKME. Significant responses to effluent were found with exposures of 3–10 h, whereas levels were not increased with exposures of 2 h or less. Plasma glucose levels increased progressively with increasing effluent concentrations. Threshold effect (EC50) values varied from 0.04 to 0.16 of the 96-h LC50 values. The response to BKME treated previously by the activated sludge process or by foam separation was diminished or absent altogether.Juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and coho displayed a hyperglycemic response with 4-, 6-, or 8-h exposure to an identical effluent concentration, although the magnitude of response of rainbow was less in each instance.The extent to which blood sugar levels are elevated due to effluent exposure is directly related to the liver glycogen reserves of the fish. Acclimation to test tanks for 24–48 h followed by exposure for 3–6 h is suggested as the best working combination for this test.

Effects of Acute Exposure to Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) During Rest and Exercise

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McLeay ◽  
D. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Glycogen Stores

In the static study (no exercise), liver glycogen stores were unchanged during 12-h exposure to 0.8 of the 96-h LC50; longer exposures caused a progressive decrease to levels one fifth those of controls at 72 h. Plasma glucose levels in fish held in 0.8 LC50 effluent for 3–96 h were elevated; at 96 h, glucose had increased threefold. Mean values for plasma lactate were elevated significantly at 3, 6, 24, 72, and 96 h.In the exercise (swimming one body length per second)–rest study, muscle glycogen levels decreased 53–78% during exercise in water or effluent (0.7 LC50) for 4–12 h, and did not recover during 12-h rest in water. Muscle glycogen for fish exercised for 12 h in effluent and then rested for 4 or 12 h in effluent was lower compared to values for fish exercised in effluent and then rested in water. There was no difference in liver glycogen levels offish exercised in effluent or water for 4–12 h. Values of liver glycogen for fish exercised in effluent for 12 h and then rested for 4, 8, or 12 h in effluent decreased 60–70% compared to fish exercised in water for 12 h and then rested in water and by 55–65% from fish exercised in effluent for 12 h and rested in water for 4–12 h. Plasma glucose levels were elevated one- to fourfold during exercise in water or effluent. Fish resting in water for 4, 8, or 12 h following exercise in water had relatively stable glucose levels; whereas for fish exercised and then rested in effluent the glucose levels increased twofold during resting. Plasma lactate levels were elevated five- to sixfold during exercise in water or effluent for 4–12 h, declining to values 1–2 times those of stock fish within 4-h rest. Plasma lactate levels for fish exercised in effluent and then rested in effluent or water were continually higher than those for fish exercised and rested in water.It was concluded that measurement of carbohydrate metabolites, particularly blood sugar levels, in unexercised fish could prove useful as a rapid method for measuring toxicity of pulpmill effluents and other pollutants.

Radioautographic Analysis of the Intralobular and Intracellular Distribution of Newly Formed Hepatic Glycogen After Injection of 3H-Galactose

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
J. E. Michaels ◽  
J. T. Hung ◽  
R. R. Cardell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Intracellular Distribution ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucocorticoid Hormone ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Sugar Levels

In normal animals glycogen levels in the liver are closely related to blood sugar levels. High levels of glucose in the blood stimulate uptake of glucose by liver hepatocytes and synthesis of glycogen whereas low blood glucose levels result in breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the blood. After adrenalectomy and overnight fasting, liver glycogen levels in the rat are reduced to about 0.03%. The adrenalectomized rat is easily stimulated to form new glycogen by injection of a glucocorticoid hormone such as dexamethasone (DEX).

Cortisol-induced changes in plasma glucose, protein, and thyroid hormone levels, and liver glycogen content of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2746-2750 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Vijayan ◽  
J. F. Leatherland
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Coho salmon given intraperitoneal implants of hydrogenated coconut oil alone or coconut oil containing cortisol at 1, 5, or 10 mg/fish exhibited dose-related increases in plasma cortisol levels at day 15. After 30 days, plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in the cortisol-implanted groups but there was no dose-related response. Plasma T3 levels were lowered in cortisol-treated fish, but plasma T4 levels were not consistently affected. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the group treated with cortisol at 10 mg/fish than in the controls on both sampling days, whereas liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index were significantly lower in the cortisol-treated groups at day 30 but not at day 15. Plasma protein levels were not significantly different between treatments at either sampling time. The splenosomatic indices were not significantly different in the three treatment groups at day 15, but at day 30 the values in the 5 and 10 mg/fish cortisol-treated groups were significantly higher than in the controls.

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE.

1967 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rerup ◽  
Ingmar Lundquist
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Level Increase ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Alloxan Injection

ABSTRACT Using serial sampling (25 μl) the blood glucose level in individual mice was followed during the induction of and during the steady state of alloxan diabetes. It was found that 70 mg/kg body weight of alloxan, given intravenously to female NMRI mice, caused 1) a rapid blood glucose level increase to 300–400 mg/100 ml within 45 minutes (initial hyperglycaemia), the increase being highly significant after 10 minutes; 2) a subsequent fall in blood glucose (hypoglycaemic phase) to levels of about 50 mg/100 ml measured from 4–8 hours following alloxan injection, sometimes associated with convulsions and death; 3) permanently elevated blood sugar levels from 12–48 hours after alloxan injection (final hyperglycaemia). Permanently diabetic mice still possess a blood sugar level homeostatic mechanism as shown by relatively constant individual blood glucose levels in a population with large differences between animals. This mechanism is highly sensitive to external influences such as handling and blood sampling. A second dose of alloxan, diabetogenic in normal mice, was completely ineffective in diabetic mice irrespective of their degree of hyperglycaemia. Insulin administration or hypophysectomy abolished the initial hyperglycaemia following alloxan injection. Adrenalectomy greatly reduced but failed to abolish the initial hyperglycaemic phase. Alloxan injection into hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized animals resulted in fatal hypoglycaemia. Alloxan diabetic mice responded to hypophysectomy by a total disappearance of hyperglycaemia within 24 hours and death in severe hypoglycaemia within one week. Liver glycogen levels were decreased during the initial hyperglycaemic phase. The hypothesis is put forward that the liver glycogen level at the time of alloxan injection may play a role in the occurrence and intensity of the initial hyperglycaemic phase.

Changes in plasma insulin and carbohydrate metabolism of zinc-stressed rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2079-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Wagner ◽  
B. A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Insulin Radioimmunoassay

An experiment was conducted to determine if the hyperglycemia that is observed in zinc-stressed fish is also accompanied by changes in the levels of plasma insulin and liver glycogen. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to three concentrations of zinc sulphate along with a control group over 31 days. Plasma glucose levels were monitored in each group over the course of the experiment. The group demonstrating the most acute and sustained hyperglycemia (0.352 ppm zinc) was then analyzed along with the controls for changes in plasma insulin (using a teleost insulin radioimmunoassay) and liver glycogen levels. Significant depressions in plasma insulin and liver glycogen levels were observed in the zinc-exposed fish when compared with the controls. These changes are discussed with respect to possible influences of epinephrine, which is elevated in stressed fish, and (or) a direct effect of zinc metal on the pancreatic beta cells.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms) DAN DAUN SINTRONG (Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore) PADA MENCIT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Andri Priyoherianto ◽  
◽  
Panji Ratih Suci ◽  
Putri Rizki Cahya Fatimah ◽  
Atik Nur Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Sugar Levels

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs due to destruction of pancreatic ? cells characterized by blood glucose levels that exceed normal limits. The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect of the combination of water hyacinth leaf extract and Sintrong leaf in reducing blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced experimental animals. Water hyacinth leaf powder and Sintrong leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as a solvent. A total of 25 mice were divided into 5 groups, namely negative control CMC-Na 0.5%, positive control glibenclamide 0.00065 mg / g BW, water hyacinth leaf extract 17.5 mg / kg BW, Sintrong leaf extract 10.5 mg/ kg BW and a combination of water hyacinth leaf extract 17.5 mg / kg BW and sintrong leaf 10.5 mg / kg BW. The results showed that a single extract of water hyacinth and Sintrong leaves was able to reduce blood sugar levels for 7 days. The combination dose was effective in reducing blood sugar levels with a combination dose of 17.5 mg/ kg water hyacinth leaf extract in combination for 7 days.

Effectiveness of Dry Extract Mahoni Seed Consumption on Blood Sugar Level in Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganda Ardiansyah ◽  
◽  
Henny Purwandari ◽  
Heni Prastika Damayanti ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Sugar Levels

ABSTRACT Background: An increase in blood sugar levels caused diabetes mellitus, and various other health complications. One of the herbal therapy approaches can be used by consuming mahogany seeds which are believed to reduce blood glucose levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of consuming mahogany seeds to reduce blood sugar levels. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experiment with non-randomized control group pretest-posttest design conducted on March 24-26 2020. A sample of 22 respondents was divided into 2 groups: treatment group and control group selected by purposive sampling. The data was collected by observation. The data was analysed by Paired t-test. Results: The treatment group before consuming the dry extract of Mahogany seeds (Mean= 258.27; SD= 46.98), and after consuming the dry extract of Mahogany seeds (Mean= 185.36; SD= 38.85). In the control group, before consuming the extract of Mahogany seed ekring (Mean= 224.27; SD= 14.73), and after consuming Mahogany seed extract (Mean= 213.27; SD= 6.75). It was statistically significant (p= 0.001). Conclusion: Consumption of dry extract of Mahogany seeds effectively reduces blood sugar levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Consumption of mahogany seeds can be used as a complementary therapy in nursing to reduce blood sugar. Keywords: Consumption of dry extract of Mahogany Seeds, Diabetes Mellitus. Correspondence: Ganda Ardiansyah. School of health science Satria Bhakti Nganjuk, East Java. Email: gandaa- [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.25

Effects of Epinephrine on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Underfed and ad Libitum-Fed Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
B. N. Spirtos ◽  
R. G. Stuelke ◽  
N. S. Halmi
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Fasted Rats

Rats fed 10 gm of a commercial diet for 4–5 weeks and fasted for 24 hours showed less rise in liver glycogen and blood sugar levels in response to the injection of epinephrine than did ad libitum-fed-fasted rats. Gastrocnemius glycogen levels were found to be higher in underfed-fasted animals and fell to the same extent as in ad libitum fed-fasted animals when epinephrine was given. Blood lactate concentrations, however, rose less markedly in the underfed-fasted group. This may have been at least partly responsible for the diminished rise in hepatic glycogen and blood sugar.

Some Effects of Prolonged Undernutrition on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rats

1956 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Halmi ◽  
B. N. Spirtos
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sugar Levels

A) Rats fed 10 gm of ground Rockland diet/day for 4–6 weeks and then fasted for 24 hours showed an enhanced insulin sensitivity as compared with ad libitum-fed rats that were fasted for the same length of time. The fasting blood sugar and liver glycogen concentrations were significantly higher in underfed animals. B) Underfed rats were fasted 24 hours, then fed 5 gm/ 100 gm body weight and tested 8 hours later. These rats exhibited a) no greater insulin sensitivity, b) lower blood sugar levels and c) a smaller rise in liver glycogen concentration than similarly treated ad libitum-fed animals. Intestinal absorption of glucose was not diminished in the undernourished rats. C) Cortisone treatment (0.5 mg/100 gm body wt/day for 5 days) abolished the insulin sensitivity of underfed rats without altering the hepatic glycogen concentration. Somatotrophin (0.5 mg Armour standard equivalent/100 gm body wt/day for 5 days) did not improve their insulin tolerance. After functional evisceration, the blood sugar fall (if expressed as percentage of the initial level) was significantly slower in underfed than in ad libitum-fed rats. However, the decline of the blood sugar level appeared to be more markedly enhanced by insulin in the underfed animals.

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