Lowering of Serum Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Levels in Yearling Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, by Dietary Mirex and PCBs

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1285-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Leatherland ◽  
R. A. Sonstegard
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Serum T4

Yearling coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, were fed diets contaminated with PCBs (500 μg or 50 μg/g dry feed), Mirex (50 μg or 5 μg/g dry feed), or a mixture of Mirex and PCBs (5 μg Mirex + 50 μg PCB/g dry feed) daily for 2 or 3 mo. Serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly reduced in fish fed the high Mirex diet for 2 or 3 mo. Serum T3 levels were reduced in fish fed the high PCB diet for 3 mo. Serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly reduced in fish fed the mixed Mirex–PCB diet for 3 mo. The significant increase in serum T4/T3 ratios in fish given the high Mirex or high PCB diet was not evident in fish given the mixed Mirex–PCB diet, suggesting a synergistic effect that is different from the effect of individual contaminants. Fish given the high PCB or high Mirex diet had significantly lower body weights than the control fish. Key words: organochlorines, teleost fish, thyroid gland, hormones, endocrines, synergism, pituitary gland

Influence of Bovine Growth Hormone and L-Thyroxine on Growth, Muscle Composition, and Histological Structure of the Gonads, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Pituitary of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Poor Growth

Groups of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were acclimated to 10 C well water and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D. Excess ration (Oregon Moist Pellet) was presented daily. Doses of bovine growth hormone (5, 10, 20, 30, or 90 μg bGH/g body wt) and L-thyroxine (0.5, 5, or 30 μg T4/g) were administered over a period of 84 days (phase I) either by injection (via dorsal musculature or peritoneal cavity) or by hormone cholesterol implants into the muscle. Administration frequency of bGH and T4 was such (range 2 times/wk-1 time/3 wk) that fish theoretically received either 10 or 30 μg bGH/g per wk or 1 or 10 μg T4/g per wk. Control fish received either alkaline saline (pH 9.5) or a cholesterol pellet. After cessation of treatment the fish were observed for an additional 84 days (phase II). During phase I, growth rates (weight) for bGH fish (2.0–2.4% per day) and for T4 fish (0.97–1.1% per day) were significantly higher than those of control fish (0.42–0.59% per day). Among bGH fish, dorsal musculature injection (2 times/wk) was significantly more effective than intraperitoneal injection (1 time/2 wk).Increases in weight above control for bGH fish at 84 days ranged from 220 to 369%. Those for T4 fish extended from 47 to 78%. In phase II, control fish growth rates were higher (0.61–0.67% per day) than those for bGH fish (0.47–0.57% per day) and T4 fish (0.32–0.44% per day). Administration of bGH and T4 (high dose) caused a progressive decline in condition factor of fish from the control range. This trend was stopped and reversed in phase II.At 84 days, generally no significant differences were detected among groups for percentages of muscle water. However, some groups had significantly higher (bGH) and others lower (T4) percentages of muscle protein relative to those of control fish. Also, significant increases (T4) and decreases (bGH) in muscle lipid percentages were found. Hormone treatment altered the histological structure of the ovary, thyroid, exocrine (T4) and endocrine (bGH) pancreas, and somatotrop cells (T4) of the pituitary. A poor growth response was noted for two groups of coho administered bGH after acclimation to sea water.

Stress and Chronic Effects of Untreated and Treated Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on the Biochemistry and Stamina of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1049-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
David A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Treated Effluent

Growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a limiting ration (70% of satiation) in experimental stream channels was not altered significantly by prolonged exposure to untreated or laboratory-treated (fermented) bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME), although mean weights for control fish were consistently lower than those for all effluent-exposed groups from 100 to 200 d. Body protein, fat, and moisture content were unaffected by treatment at 30, 90, and 200 d. Fish exposed to all strengths of untreated or treated BKME (i.e. untreated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 of the untreated effluent's 96-h LC50 value; and treated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.2 and 1.0 LC50) showed significant decreases in serum albumin levels at 30 d, whereas these recovered to control values at 90 and 200 d. The serum electrolytes Na+, K+, and Ca++ were unaffected by treatment at 200 d and not measured for other exposures. Liver and muscle glycogen reserves were decreased significantly by continuous exposure of fish to untreated or treated BKME concentrations for 30 d. These values recovered to control levels at 90 d and were unaffected or depressed at 200 d. Plasma glucose levels at 30 d were elevated significantly in all BKME-exposed groups except those held in the lowest concentration of untreated or treated effluent. Blood sugar values at 90 d were increased only by the highest strength of untreated or treated BKME; whereas at 200 d these values were elevated from control levels in all effluent-exposed groups. Levels of plasma lactic acid were unmeasured at 30 d, increased at 90 d in all BKME-exposed groups except the lowest strength of untreated effluent, and elevated at 200 d in all effluent-exposed groups. The stamina of these fish as determined by critical swimming speeds in freshwater was unaffected by exposure to pulpmill effluent for 90 d and unmeasured for other exposures. Based on the changes in intermediary metabolism for BKME-exposed fish at 30, 90, and 200 d, it was concluded that these fish remained in a state of chronic stress and did not acclimate to prolonged exposure to pulpmill effluent. Treatment of this waste reduced or removed its acute (lethal) toxicity but did not alter the biochemical effects caused by chronic exposure. Key words: stress, growth, proximate analyses, albumin, electrolyte, glycogen, glucose, lactate, critical swimming speed, acclimation

Relative Resistances of Three Transferrin Genotypes of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Their Hematological Responses to Bacterial Kidney Disease

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Suzumoto ◽  
Carl B. Schreck ◽  
John D. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Total Plasma Protein ◽  
And Control

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of three transferrin genotypes (AA, AC, and CC) were experimentally infected with the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and mortalities observed. Six experimental and control groups were used: 1) bacteria-infected + no Fe+3; 2) bacteria-infected + low Fe+3 levels; 3) bacteria-infected + high Fe+3 levels; 4) saline control; 5) high Fe+3 control; and 6) low Fe+3 control. In all experimental groups, the AA genotype was the most susceptible to BKD and the CC genotype the most resistant. Addition of exogenous iron did not appear to increase the pathogenicity of the disease. Distribution and uptake of radioiron (59Fe) in control and BKD-infected fish was studied. BKD-infected fish were found to have consistently higher levels of 59Fe in whole blood, plasma, and liver than control fish. In control and experimental fish, spleen, head kidney, and liver tissues were found to accumulate 59Fe, while white muscle and gall bladder tissues did not. The effect of BKD on certain hematological characteristics also was determined. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total plasma protein, plasma iron, and plasma corticoid levels all may have decreased with the progression of BKD.

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch injected with streptozotocin

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (5) ◽  
pp. R1408-R1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Plisetskaya ◽  
C. Duan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I

Streptozotocin (STR), an agent known to induce damage of pancreatic B cells in mammals, was used to study changes of plasma insulin concentration and hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA levels in juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Fish were injected intraperitoneally with either 200 mg/kg body wt STR or the vehicle. All fish fed and grew throughout the experiment; however, the STR-injected fish had lower instantaneous growth rates than control fish (1.4% and 2.1%, correspondingly). Plasma insulin concentration and hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels in STR-treated fish were significantly lower than in the control fish, whereas there was no difference between the two groups of fish in plasma concentrations of either glucagon or growth hormone. Impaired insulin production caused by STR injection was either coincident with or slightly preceded reduction in hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression, implying that insulin may affect IGF-I production and, consequently, fish growth.

Stress Responses to Transportation and Fitness for Marine Survival in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Smolts

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Specker ◽  
C. B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Performance Capacity ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Marine Survival

Smolting coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were transported experimentally at low and high densities (12 and 120 g/L) for short and long periods (4 and 12 h). Because smolts can be transplanted directly to seawater, half of the fish in each treatment were transported to tanks containing seawater and half to tanks containing freshwater. Plasma corticosteroids and glucose were elevated at unloading in all groups, and corticosteroids were still above the resting level 24 h later. Potential smoltification indicators such as plasma thyroxin concentration and gill (Na+/K+)–ATPase activity were not affected by transportation. Increased corticosteroids were correlated to increased mortality in transported salmon compared to acclimated control fish when subjected to a bioassay of stress — severe confinement. The various transport regimens did not cause increased expression of latent bacterial kidney disease. In a further experiment, smolting coho salmon were released into a stream after transport for different durations. The number of fish migrating on the 1st d appeared to be inversely related to the degree of "stress" en route, but the movements of all groups were similar thereafter. We concluded that transportation caused stress in the fish regardless of hauling regimen; that increased corticosteroids may have potential as indicators of reduced performance capacity; that the greatest stress occurred during loading and the first few hours en route; and that transported smolting coho salmon seem to be equally fit for entry into freshwater or seawater.Key words: coho salmon, stress, transportation, seawater entry, corticosteroids

Electrophysiological Studies of Morpholine-Imprinted Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon C. Cooper ◽  
Arthur D. Hasler
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Paired Group ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies

Two groups of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were exposed to a 5 × 10−5 mg/liter concentration of a synthetic chemical, morpholine, for 4 wk during the smolting period, while two corresponding groups were left unexposed (controls). All groups were marked by finclipping and stocked into Lake Michigan near the mouth of Oak Creek (South Milwaukee, Wisconsin). A second series of exposed and unexposed salmon was released 13 km north of Oak Creek. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were tested in a similar experiment.Homing salmonids were censused and then used in physiological experiments. Electroencephalographic studies showed significantly greater responses by the experimental (exposed) compared to control fish to 1% morpholine (P ≤ 0.001 − 0.05) and by one paired group to a stream sample scented with morpholine (about 10−3 mg/liter morpholine P ≤ 0.01). Responses to morpholine were specific in that another chemical similar to it did not elicit responses. These data support the olfactory hypothesis that salmon may imprint to naturally occurring homestream odors in the same way as they do to morpholine.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific Alterations in Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis in Combined Mct10 and Mct8 Deficiency

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Müller ◽  
Steffen Mayerl ◽  
Theo J. Visser ◽  
Veerle M. Darras ◽  
Anita Boelen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Monocarboxylate Transporter ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Serum T4 ◽  
Mct8 Deficiency

The monocarboxylate transporter Mct10 (Slc16a10; T-type amino acid transporter) facilitates the cellular transport of thyroid hormone (TH) and shows an overlapping expression with the well-established TH transporter Mct8. Because Mct8 deficiency is associated with distinct tissue-specific alterations in TH transport and metabolism, we speculated that Mct10 inactivation may compromise the tissue-specific TH homeostasis as well. However, analysis of Mct10 knockout (ko) mice revealed normal serum TH levels and tissue TH content in contrast to Mct8 ko mice that are characterized by high serum T3, low serum T4, decreased brain TH content, and increased tissue TH concentrations in the liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland. Surprisingly, mice deficient in both TH transporters (Mct10/Mct8 double knockout [dko] mice) showed normal serum T4 levels in the presence of elevated serum T3, indicating that the additional inactivation of Mct10 partially rescues the phenotype of Mct8 ko mice. As a consequence of the normal serum T4, brain T4 content and hypothalamic TRH expression were found to be normalized in the Mct10/Mct8 dko mice. In contrast, the hyperthyroid situation in liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland of Mct8 ko mice was even more severe in Mct10/Mct8 dko animals, suggesting that in these organs, both transporters contribute to the TH efflux. In summary, our data indicate that Mct10 indeed participates in tissue-specific TH transport and also contributes to the generation of the unusual serum TH profile characteristic for Mct8 deficiency.

Activation of GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptors Regulates Bile Homeostasis Independent of Thyroid Hormone

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Vishal J. Patel ◽  
Amit A. Joharapurkar ◽  
Samadhan G. Kshirsagar ◽  
Brijesh K. Sutariya ◽  
Maulik S. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Dose Treatment ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Serum T4 ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Glucagon Receptors

Background: Balanced coagonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors are emerging therapies for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Such coagonists also regulate lipid metabolism, independent of their body weight lowering effects. Many actions of the coagonists are partly mediated by fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling, with the major exception of bile homeostasis. Since thyroid hormone is an important regulator of bile homeostasis, we studied the involvement of thyroid hormone in coagonist-induced changes in lipid and bile metabolism. Methods: We evaluated the effect of a single dose of coagonist Aib2 C24 chimera2 at 150 to 10000 µg/kg on tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and chow-fed mice. Repeated dose treatment of coagonist (150 µg/kg, subcutaneously) was assessed in four mice models namely, on lipid and bile homeostasis in DIO mice, propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated DIO mice, methimazole (MTM)-treated DIO mice and choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, highfat diet (CDAHFD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Results: Single dose treatment of coagonist did not alter serum T3 and T4 in chow-fed mice and DIO mice. Coagonist treatment improved lipid metabolism and biliary cholesterol excretion. Chronic treatment of GLP-1 and glucagon coagonist did not alter serum T3 in hypothyroid DIO mice and CDAHFDinduced NASH. Coagonist increased serum T4 in DIO mice after 4 and 40 weeks of treatment, though no change in T4 levels was observed in hypothyroid mice or mice with NASH. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that coagonist of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors does not modulate bile homeostasis via thyroid signaling.

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