Effects of Constant Temperatures and Diel Temperature Fluctuations on Specific Growth and Mortality Rates and Yield of Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson ◽  
Charles F. Kleiner ◽  
Todd W. Thorslund
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Specific Mortality

Specific growth and mortality rates of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined for 50 days at seven constant temperatures between 8 and 22 °C and six diel temperature fluctuations (sine curve of amplitude ±3.8 deg C about mean temperatures from 12 to 22 °C). For constant temperature treatments the maximum specific growth rate of trout fed excess rations was 5.12%/day at 17.2 °C. An average specific mortality rate of 0.35%/day was observed at the optimum temperature and lower. At temperatures in excess of the growth optimum, mortality rates were significantly higher during the first 20 days of this experiment than the last 30 days. The highest constant temperature at which specific growth and mortality rates became equal (initial biomass remained constant over 40 days) was 23 °C. The upper incipient lethal temperature was 25.6 °C for trout acclimated to 16 °C. A yield model was developed to describe the effects of temperature on the living biomass over time and to facilitate comparison of treatment responses. When yield was plotted against mean temperature, the curve of response to fluctuating temperatures was shifted horizontally an average 1.5 deg C towards colder temperatures than the curve of response to constant temperature treatments. This response pattern to fluctuating treatments indicates that rainbow trout do not respond to mean temperature, but they acclimate to some value between the mean and maximum daily temperatures. These data are discussed in relation to establishment of criteria for summer maximum temperatures for fish. Key words: constant temperature, fluctuating temperature, specific growth rate, specific mortality rate, yield, lethal temperature, zero net biomass, rainbow trout, thermal criteria

THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND GENOTYPE ON THE GROWTH RATE OF HATCHERY-REARED SALMONIDS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. SADLER ◽  
G. W. FRIARS ◽  
P. E. IHSSEN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Growth rates of three salmonid species, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), lake trout (S. namaycush), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and one hybrid, splake (S. namaycush × S. fontinalis) were compared at 10 and 16 °C. Two strains of each species, and one of the splake hybrid were examined. At 10 °C the ranking of specific growth rate from highest to lowest for species was: rainbow trout, lake trout, splake, brook trout. At 16 °C the order was: brook trout, rainbow trout, splake, and lake trout. Brook trout, rainbow trout and splake had significantly higher specific growth rates at 16 °C but lake trout showed no difference at the two temperatures. Strain differences were significant in lake trout and rainbow trout, but not in brook trout. Rainbow trout showed a significant strain by temperature interaction. The ranking of feed conversion efficiencies from best to poorest was: lake trout, 10 °C; splake, 10 °C; brook trout, 16 °C; splake, 16 °C; rainbow trout, 16 °C; rainbow trout, 10 °C; lake trout, 16 °C; brook trout, 10 °C. Key words: Temperature, genetics, growth, salmonids, aquaculture

scholarly journals Drug Overdose Trends among Black Indiana Residents: 2013-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raven Helmick
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Overdose Mortality ◽  
Overdose Deaths

ObjectiveTo understand trends in race-specific mortality rates between blacks and whites to discover any racial inequalities that might exist for drug overdose deaths. To delve into the types of drugs that are prominently involved in black drug overdose deaths from 2013-2017 in the state of Indiana.IntroductionBlack Hoosiers, the largest minority population in Indiana, make up almost 10% of the state’s population, and accounted for 8% of the total resident drug overdose deaths from 2013-2017 compared to whites at 91%. However, a closer look at race-specific mortality rates might reveal racial inequalities. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to analyze drug overdose morality rates among white and black Hoosiers to discover possible racial inequalities and to discover trends in drug involvement in overdose deaths among blacks.MethodsDrug overdose deaths that occurred in Indiana between 2013 and 2017 were identified using the underlying and contributing cause of death ICD-10 codes and abstracted from the Indiana State Department of Health’s annual finalized mortality dataset. Race-specific drug overdose death rates were calculated and compared among racial groups. Drug overdose deaths in blacks were examined for trends over time and by the types of drugs involved.ResultsBetween 2013 and 2017, drug overdose mortality rates for whites increased from 17.05 to 27.28 per 100,000. Blacks saw a higher rate increase during this same time frame: from 10.74 to 30.62 per 100,000, surpassing the mortality rate of whites by the end of 2017. Drug overdose deaths in blacks increased 197% from 2013-2017 and drug specific mortality rate increases were seen across all drug category’s. Opioids, which were involved in 61% of the 2017 drug overdose deaths among blacks, had a rate increase from 3.05 to 18.62 per 100,000 between 2013 and 2017. Drug specific overdose mortality rate increases were also seen for overdoses involving cocaine (1.76 to 10.62 per 100,000), benzodiazepines (0.32 to 3.08 per 100,000), and psychostimulants other than cocaine (0.16 to 1.69 per 100,000) such as amphetamines.ConclusionsWhile white Hoosiers had higher drug overdose mortality rates between 2013 and 2016, black Hoosiers had a greater mortality rate increase and surpassed the mortality rate in whites in 2017. Opioids, the most frequently involved substance in overdose deaths among blacks from 2013-2017, showed increasing rates during this time period. However, increases in drug specific overdose mortality rates for cocaine, benzodiazepines, and psychostimulants other than cocaine also call for public health attention. These results promote the inclusion of minority health experts in drug overdose prevention efforts and issue a call for future prevention efforts to be targeted toward the state’s largest minority population. 

scholarly journals Mortality, causes of death and influence of medication use in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus vs matched controls

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-216
Author(s):  
Irene E M Bultink ◽  
Frank de Vries ◽  
Ronald F van Vollenhoven ◽  
Arief Lalmohamed
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Clinical Practice Research Datalink ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Objectives We wanted to estimate the magnitude of the risk from all-cause, cause-specific and sex-specific mortality in patients with SLE and relative risks compared with matched controls and to evaluate the influence of exposure to medication on risk of mortality in SLE. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Hospital Episode Statistics and national death certificates (from 1987 to 2012). Each SLE patient (n = 4343) was matched with up to six controls (n = 21 780) by age and sex. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate overall and cause-specific mortality rate ratios. Results Patients with SLE had a 1.8-fold increased mortality rate for all-cause mortality compared with age- and sex-matched subjects [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.57, 2.08]. The HR was highest in patients aged 18–39 years (adjusted HR = 4.87, 95% CI: 1.93, 12.3). Mortality rates were not significantly different between male and female patients. Cumulative glucocorticoid use raised the mortality rate, whereas the HR was reduced by 45% with cumulative low-dose HCQ use. Patients with SLE had increased cause-specific mortality rates for cardiovascular disease, infections, non-infectious respiratory disease and for death attributable to accidents or suicide, whereas the mortality rate for cancer was reduced in comparison to controls. Conclusion British patients with SLE had a 1.8-fold increased mortality rate compared with the general population. Glucocorticoid use and being diagnosed at a younger age were associated with an increased risk of mortality. HCQ use significantly reduced the mortality rate, but this association was found only in the lowest cumulative dosage exposure group.

scholarly journals Stroke Mortality Trends in the Population of Klaipėda From 1994 to 2008

Medicina ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrikas Kazlauskas ◽  
Nijolė Raškauskienė ◽  
Rima Radžiuvienė ◽  
Vinsas Janušonis
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
World Population ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Permanent Residents

The objective of the study was to evaluate the trends in stroke mortality in the population of Klaipėda aged 35–79 years from 1994 to 2008. Material and Methods. Mortality data on all permanent residents of Klaipėda aged 35–79 years who died from stroke in 1994–2008 were gathered for the study. All death certificates of permanent residents of Klaipėda aged 35–79 years who died during 1994–2008 were examined in this study. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 codes 430–436, and ICD-10 codes I60–I64) was used. Sex-specific mortality rates were standardized according to the Segi’s world population; all the mortality rates were calculated per 100 000 population per year. Trends in stroke mortality were estimated using log-linear regression models. Sex-specific mortality rates and trends were calculated for 3 age groups (35–79, 35–64, and 65–79 years). Results. During the entire study period (1994–2008), a marked decline in stroke mortality with a clear slowdown after 2002 was observed. The average annual percent changes in mortality rates for men and women aged 35–79 years were –4.6% (P=0.041) and –6.5% (P=0.002), respectively. From 1994 to 2002, the stroke mortality rate decreased consistently among both Klaipėda men and women aged 35–64 years (20.4% per year, P=0.002, and 14.7% per year, P=0.006, respectively) and in the elderly population aged 65–79 years (13.8% per year, P=0.005; and 12% per year, P=0.019). During 2003–2008, stroke mortality increased by 16.3% per year in middle-aged men (35–64 years), whereas among women (aged 35–64 and 65–79 years) and elderly men (aged 65–79 years), the age-adjusted mortality rate remained relatively unchanged. Conclusions. Among both men and women, the mortality rates from stroke sharply declined between 1994 and 2008 with a clear slowdown in the decline after 2002. Stroke mortality increased significantly among middle-aged men from 2003, while it remained without significant changes among women of the same age and both elderly men and women.

Increase of Mortality Kate of Cancer of the Larynx in the Town of Torino and in Italy since 1951.

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetto Terracini ◽  
Guido Pastore ◽  
Sergio Coverlizza
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Laryngeal Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
The Town

Mortality rates of cancer of the larynx in the town of Torino, in the whole of Italy and in France during 1950–71 are reported. Age standardized mortality rates as well as mortality rates truncated to the period 35–64 years of age are reported in Table 1 for males and in Table 2 for females. Graph 1 represents age specific mortality rates for cancer of the larynx in the three areas in 1966–67. Graphs 2, 3 and 4 report mortality rates in males in the three ares for cohort of birth. All rates are annual/100.000. An increase of mortality for cancer of the larynx in men is well documented in the town of Torino. From 1951 to 1966 the mortality rate truncated to age 35–64 increased from 6.3 to 12.0. The proportion of mortality for cancer of the larynx/mortality for all cancers during the same period increased from 3.1 % to 5.4%. In Italy, the mortality rate in men aged 35–64 was 6.5 in 1952 and 9.3 in 1967: during the same period the proportion of mortality for cancer of the larynx/mortality for all cancers increased from 3.8 % to 4.4 %. In France, the tendency to an increase of mortality for laryngeal cancer after 1951 was absent or debatable, although both the mortality rates of cancer of the larynx and the proportion of mortality for cancer of the larynx/mortality for all cancers were consistently higher than in Italy or in Torino. However, in 1966–67 at ages 35–44 the mortality rate for cancer of the larynx in men was higher in Torino than in France (Graph 1).

Evolution of the Early Hepatoma in Rainbow Trout

1968 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Laura Codegone ◽  
Anna Provana ◽  
Pietro Ghittino
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Hepatic Tumors ◽  
Beef Liver

The evolution of hepatic microscopic nodules in hatchery rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed diets containing aflatoxin has been studied. After 13 months of feeding, the histopathological examination showed microscopic nodules in the liver of 22–26 per cent of trout, wich had been fed diets containing high levels of aflatoxin. At this time a group of trout was fed a non carcinogenic diet (fresh beef liver), for other 13 months. The trials were carried out in water with a constant temperature of 8–9°C. Even though the carcinogenic stimulus was removed, trout produced hepatic tumors in 50–54 per cent of examined samples. The authors conclude that the micro-nodules, early found in the liver of trout fed carcinogenic diet, are to be considered as true neoplasms.

Long-term cancer survival in cohorts of U.S. health professionals.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 12075-12075
Author(s):  
En Cheng ◽  
Donghoon Lee ◽  
Rulla M Tamimi ◽  
Susan Hankinson ◽  
Walter C Willett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Uterine Corpus ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Cancer Specific Mortality ◽  
Index Cancer

12075 Background: Few studies have investigated long-term survival and causes of death among men and women diagnosed with major cancers. Methods: We estimated overall and cause-specific mortality rates for men diagnosed with prostate, lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, bladder, and melanoma cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study between 1986-2010+, and women with breast, lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, uterine corpus, thyroid, and ovarian cancer in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) between 1976-2010+ and NHS II between 1989-2010+. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to calculate cumulative mortality rates at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 years and competing risk methods were used to calculate cumulative cancer-specific mortality rates of major causes at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 years. Additionally, among women 40-year mortality rates were calculated. Results: Except for lung and ovarian, most major cancer patients are more likely to die from other causes than the index cancer. We observed two basic patterns for cumulative cancer-specific mortality rates. The first pattern is greatly diminished risk of index cancer-specific mortality 10 years or more following diagnosis - for colorectal cancer, cancer-specific mortality rate increased by less than 3% between 10 to 30- or 40-year following diagnosis (among men, from 35.1% to 36.7%; among women, from 34.8% to 37.7%), and this pattern also applied to bladder, melanoma, or uterine corpus cancer. The second one is sustained, but nevertheless low, excess risk - prostate cancer-specific mortality rate increased gradually and almost linearly from 5.3% to 15.1% after diagnosis from 5 to 30 years, and for breast cancer, it increased likewise from 7.2% to 18.9% after diagnosis from 5 to 40 years. Conclusions: Except for lung and ovarian cancers, patients diagnosed with major cancers were more likely to die from causes other than cancer. Colorectal, bladder, melanoma or uterine corpus cancer patients surviving more than 10 years after diagnosis are unlikely to ever die from that disease. [Table: see text]

Differences in Swimming Performance Among Strains of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan E. Thomas ◽  
Michael J. Donahoo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Performance Profiles

Swimming performance profiles, relating fish size to swimming time, were established for three strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). No differences were found in slope of regressions; only in level at each size of fish. Swimming performances of New Zealand and Sand Creek strains did not differ, but were superior to the Manchester strain. In stamina results from 189-day-old fish from individual matings of seven strains and various crosses, similar strains and crosses had closely matching profiles whereas profiles of unrelated groups were variable. Comparison of slowest, average, and fastest growing fish within the New Zealand strain showed that swimming ability was not related to growth rate.

Embryonic Development, Early Growth, and Meristic Variation in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Exposed to Combinations of Light Intensity and Temperature

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-hwa Kwain
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Meristic Variation

Lowest mortality rates of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) embryos were obtained at temperatures of 7 and 10 C and light intensities of 0.2 and 20 lx. Temperatures of 3 and 15 C and an intensity of 400 lx were near the thresholds for development. Eggs exposed to 0.2 lx required 111 days to reach 50% hatch at 3 C, but 26 days at 15 C; those exposed to 20 lx, 97 days at 3 C and 25 days at 15 C.Growth rates of rainbow trout 145 days after hatch were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 10 and 3 C, and 20, 2, and 0.2 lx. The fastest growth occurred at 10 C and 2 lx, and the lowest growth at 3 C and 0.2 lx. For increment of body weight it was about 23.8%/day of initial weight and 6.6% at 3 C. At light intensities of 20, 2, and 0.2 lx, the rate per day was 24.7, 17.2, and 11.2%, respectively. However, increases in length occurred at a much reduced rate.Variations in numbers of vertebrae, gill rakers, and fin rays were positively correlated with the embryonic development rate. Longer incubation periods were usually associated with more meristic elements, regardless of the environmental factors involved.

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