Evaluation of Erythrocyte δ-amino Levulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity as a Short-Term Indicator in Fish of a Harmful Exposure to Lead

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Beverley R. Blunt ◽  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
Keith Austen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid

The activity of erythrocyte δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) of fish is easily measured under a variety of experimental conditions. Exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus) to lead consistently inhibited ALA-D within 2 wks at concentrations as low as 10, 90, 470, and 90 μg/ℓ, respectively. In rainbow and brook trout these concentrations were closely related to the published minimum effective concentrations causing sublethal harm. There was a significant linear relationship between ALA-D activity and log of blood lead concentration, between ALA-D activity and log of lead in water, and between blood lead and lead in water. Near lethal exposures to cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury did not significantly inhibit ALA-D activity. Recovery of ALA-D activity of rainbow trout after transfer from 120 μg/ℓ lead to clean water occurred in 8 wk. This enzyme provides fast, consistent, specific, and sensitive estimates of lead concentrations causing sublethal harm to fish and may help to relate sources of lead to degree of exposure of fish populations in the field. Key words: lead, sublethal toxicity, fish, indicator enzyme, δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase

δ-Amino Levulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity of Fish Blood as an Indicator of a Harmful Exposure to Lead

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid ◽  
Fish Blood ◽  
Dehydratase Activity ◽  
Harmful Effects

The activity of red cell δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was depressed after exposure of the fish to lead. Concentrations of lead in water as low as 13 μg/liter caused a significant inhibition of activity after only 4-wk exposure. Assays of this enzyme’s activity may provide a short-term indication of long-term harmful effects of lead.

Use of Blood Lead and Erythrocyte θ-Amino Levulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity to Detect Lead Exposure of Fish Populations

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
P V Hodson
Keyword(s):  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid ◽  
Dehydratase Activity

The measurement of blood lead concentrations and inhibition of erythrocyte θ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALA-D) has been used successfully to diagnose lead exposure in human populations. While blood lead is one of the best indicators of lead exposure, its measurement is expensive, time consuming, subject to bias through contamination and requires highly skilled personnel. The advantages of assaying ALA-D activity are those of cost, speed, sample size and simplicity. Since most organisms possess this enzyme in a variety of tissues, and since its activity is inhibited only by lead, there is potentially a large variety of aquatic species that may be used to monitor “biologically available” lead in aquatic ecosystems. Sessile and migratory species could integrate short-term fluctuations in waterborne lead and provide data on spatial and temporal variations. Fish are convenient organisms to sample and fish blood is a particularly rich source of ALA-D. Laboratory experiments have defined the optimum conditions for blood sampling and assaying ALA-D activity as well as the strong negative correlation between blood lead concentrations and ALA-D activity and between waterborne lead concentrations and ALA-D activity. Other toxic metals (e.g. Cu, Hg, Zn, Cd) and PCB's do not inhibit ALA-D, and factors that increase lead toxicity (e.g. decreased environmental pH) also increase lead uptake and the inhibition of ALA-D. Consequently, ALA-D activity provides a measure of both exposure and effect. Species variation in rates of lead uptake allows a selection of a suitable monitoring species for a given, situation. Preliminary surveys of Lake Ontario fish populations indicate that monitoring of ALA-D activity is technically simple and straightforward, the assay is much cheaper and faster than blood lead or whole body lead analyses, and activity is correlated to other measures of lead in fish.

Interaction between blood lead concentration and δ-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase gene polymorphisms increases the odds of essential tremor

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1170-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elan D. Louis ◽  
LaKeisha Applegate ◽  
Joseph H. Graziano ◽  
Michael Parides ◽  
Vesna Slavkovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Tremor ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Concentration ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid

Effects of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Chronic Lead Toxicity to Young Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Hodson ◽  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
B. R. Blunt ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Spinal Curvatures ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid ◽  
Acid Deficiency

Newly hatched rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to waterborne lead and receiving diets deficient in, or supplemented with, ascorbic acid, developed classical symptoms of lead toxicity and ascorbic acid deficiency. Those exposed to lead showed elevated blood lead concentrations, inhibition of erythrocyte δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase, darkening of the tail regions and spinal curvatures. Those receiving ascorbate deficient diets showed depletion of carcass, liver, kidney, and brain ascorbic acid concentrations plus spinal curvatures. Fish subjected to both treatments simultaneously showed no evidence of an enhancement of ascorbate deficiency symptoms by exposure to lead or enhancement or reduction of lead toxicity symptoms by ascorbate deficient or supplemented diets, respectively. These results demonstrate that, although aspects of lead toxicity in fish resemble ascorbic acid deficiency, there is no metabolic interaction between the two factors.Key words: pollutants, toxicity, interaction, lead, vitamin deficiencies, Salmonidae, rainbow trout

Food Specialization By Individual Trout

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Bryan ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Repeated Observation ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Analyses of stomach contents showed that the kinds of prey eaten by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were seldom distributed at random among the individuals. Repeated observation of food eaten by individuals in a stream and ponds showed that prey types were eaten in proportions which were characteristic for an individual.Specialization occurred on several different kinds of prey. Although the degree of specialization was higher during shorter intervals, the data suggested that some specialization persisted for half a year. There were no striking correlations between degree of specialization and other individual properties such as size, growth rate, weight of food, number of food items, previous specialization, or area of recapture.In addition to the observations on trout in relatively undisturbed habitats, a field experiment was conducted using laboratory-reared rainbow trout held in small ponds. The food of each trout in the experiment was sampled repeatedly. In analysis of variance, interaction among the individuals and kinds of prey eaten showed that food specialization occurred. Both the absolute and relative abundance of potential prey were constant during the experiment.

pH-Induced Changes in Blood Lead of Lead-Exposed Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Beverly R. Blunt ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Test Water ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
Uptake And Release

Blood of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to lead in water showed increasing lead concentrations as pH of the test water decreased from 10.0 to 6.0. A decrease in pH by 1.0 unit from any reference pH resulted in an increase of blood lead by a factor of 2.1. Since sublethal lead toxicity is related to uptake, these results suggest that toxicity increases as pH decreases. Control experiments indicated that reactions of lead with inorganic constituents of the test water were complete within 3 h and that blood lead was at equilibrium with water lead within 48 h. Therefore, at the time of blood sampling in the pH experiment, both lead complexation processes in the exposure system, plus lead uptake and release from the blood, were at equilibrium. Key words: pH, lead, toxicity, fish, Salmo, blood, equilibrium.

Aeromonas salmonicida: Relationship between Extracellular Growth Products and Isolate Virulence

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1322-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco C. Cipriano ◽  
Billy R. Griffin ◽  
Burton C. Lidgerding
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Ion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Crude Material

Extracellular growth products, extracted from culture supernatants of Aeromonas salmonicida by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and ethanol, were resolved into four fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. Although one of these (fraction II) possessed leukocytolytic activity, virulence of the pathogen was not associated with leukocytotoxicity. A positive correlation was established, however, between virulence and the toxicity of extracted material to cultured rainbow trout gonad (RTG-2) cells. The crude material and fractions II and III from virulent isolates were more toxic to RTG-2 cells than were similar preparations from avirulent isolates. Preparations from virulent isolates caused hemorrhaging, lesion development, and mortality when injected intramuscularly into brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar). Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were more resistant and lesions could be produced only with fraction II. Fraction II also possessed proteolytic activity.Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis, pathogenicity, salmonids, extracellular products, cytotoxicity, leukocytolysis, proteolysis, fishes

Bacterial Kidney Disease in Feral Populations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1370-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Mitchum ◽  
Loris E. Sherman ◽  
George T. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Live Fish ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

Incidence and effects of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) were determined in wild, naturally reproducing populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a small lake and stream system in southeastern Wyoming, USA where BKD epizootics have been observed since 1972. During 1976, dead fish were collected at three upstream stations, and 60 live fish were collected from each of 11 stations. All fish were necropsied, and virological, bacteriological, and parasitological examinations were conducted by standard methods. An indirect fluorescent antibody technique was used to detect the BKD organism in cultures and kidney tissue smears. Bacterial kidney disease was diagnosed in 100% of the dead brook trout collected. Incidence among live fish ranged from 83% at an upstream station to only 3% at the most downstream location, and was highest in brook trout and lowest in rainbow trout. Two longnose suckers (Catostomus catostomus), the only non-salmonids collected, were found negative for BKD. Clinical signs of infection and the most severe infections were found only in brook trout. Five age-classes of feral brook trout were involved in the epizootics. Since other known pathogens were essentially absent, it is believed that all deaths were due to BKD. Relationships between species susceptibility to BKD, age-classes, water chemistry and water temperatures, and certain ecological conditions are discussed. Key words: bacterial kidney disease, feral trout, epizootics, brook trout, brown trout, rainbow trout

Susceptibility of Trouts of Different Species and Origins to Various Isolates of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1580-1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Silim ◽  
M. A. S. Y. Elazhary ◽  
A. Lagacé
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

We investigated the susceptibility of trouts of different species and origins to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and the pathogenicity of three strains of IPNV for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of various origins and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of a single origin. Fish were inoculated by immersion in water containing 105 PFU of virus/mL for 6 h. Susceptibility to IPNV infection was assessed by counting dead fish over a period of 21 d after infection and on histological lesions in the pancreas, kidney, and intestine of the infected fish. Different species of trouts had different susceptibility to IPNV strain 3865. Brook trout had the highest mortality followed by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), whereas the least mortality occurred in lake trout. Brook trout from Crowford, Nebraska, were more than twice as susceptible as the same species from Baldwin Mills, Quebec. Rainbow trout also varied in susceptibility as a result of origin. Virus isolate 3B, originally isolated from chain pickerel (Esox niger), was less virulent than isolates 4495 or 3865 (both from trout). Hatcheries that use water from sources containing pickerel may increase their chances of IPN infection.Key words: trout species, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, resistance

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