pH-Induced Changes in Blood Lead of Lead-Exposed Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Beverly R. Blunt ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Test Water ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
Uptake And Release

Blood of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to lead in water showed increasing lead concentrations as pH of the test water decreased from 10.0 to 6.0. A decrease in pH by 1.0 unit from any reference pH resulted in an increase of blood lead by a factor of 2.1. Since sublethal lead toxicity is related to uptake, these results suggest that toxicity increases as pH decreases. Control experiments indicated that reactions of lead with inorganic constituents of the test water were complete within 3 h and that blood lead was at equilibrium with water lead within 48 h. Therefore, at the time of blood sampling in the pH experiment, both lead complexation processes in the exposure system, plus lead uptake and release from the blood, were at equilibrium. Key words: pH, lead, toxicity, fish, Salmo, blood, equilibrium.

Effects of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Chronic Lead Toxicity to Young Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Hodson ◽  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
B. R. Blunt ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Spinal Curvatures ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid ◽  
Acid Deficiency

Newly hatched rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to waterborne lead and receiving diets deficient in, or supplemented with, ascorbic acid, developed classical symptoms of lead toxicity and ascorbic acid deficiency. Those exposed to lead showed elevated blood lead concentrations, inhibition of erythrocyte δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase, darkening of the tail regions and spinal curvatures. Those receiving ascorbate deficient diets showed depletion of carcass, liver, kidney, and brain ascorbic acid concentrations plus spinal curvatures. Fish subjected to both treatments simultaneously showed no evidence of an enhancement of ascorbate deficiency symptoms by exposure to lead or enhancement or reduction of lead toxicity symptoms by ascorbate deficient or supplemented diets, respectively. These results demonstrate that, although aspects of lead toxicity in fish resemble ascorbic acid deficiency, there is no metabolic interaction between the two factors.Key words: pollutants, toxicity, interaction, lead, vitamin deficiencies, Salmonidae, rainbow trout

Effects of Temperature on Development and Survival of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, in Acid Waters

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-hwa Kwain
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Test Water ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Acid Waters

Differences in mortality of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) embryos were significant (P < 0.05) when the eggs were exposed to 5, 10, and 15 C and pH levels from 3.0 to 6.0. No embryos survived at pH values below4.49, regardless of the temperature. The median lethal pH values for rainbow embryos were 4.75 and 5.52 at temperatures of 10 and 5 C, respectively.Differences in lethal pH values for fingerling rainbow trout were significant (P < 0.05) when trout were exposed to four test water temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20 C) and two acclimation temperatures (10 and 20 C). The median lethal pH values of fingerling trout were positively related to the test water temperatures and ranged from 3.86 to 4.49. Resistance of yearling trout to acid waters was higher than that of fingerlings.

Effect of Sulfite Dechlorination on the Accumulation of Waterborne Lead by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Laboratory Water

Chlorine can be removed from laboratory water supplies by reduction with sodium sulfite, but sulfite complexation of metals may bias aquatic toxicity tests. We tested the effect of waterborne sulfite on the accumulation of waterborne lead by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). After 96 h, the blood lead levels of trout exposed to both 100 μg lead/L and 440 μg sodium sulfite/L were lower than those exposed to lead alone. The highest level of sodium sulfite having no effect on blood lead was 20 μg/L. The addition of 200–300 μg sodium sulfite/L to our water supply after charcoal filtration removed residual chlorine levels rapidly and completely. This reaction, and other possible reactions with organic matter, always reduced measureabie sulfite levels to less than 1 μg/L (limit of detection), a level much lower than those tested. Hence, sulfite dechlorination should not interfere with metal bioassays.

Thermally Modulated Biliary Excretion of [14C]Taurocholate in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the Na+,K+-ATPase

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 846-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Kemp ◽  
Lawrence R. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Hepatic Blood Flow ◽  
Biliary Excretion ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Biliary Excretion Rate ◽  
Induced Changes

Biliary excretion rate of [14C]taurocholate was 53–63% greater in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to and tested at 18 than 14 or 10 °C. Acute 4° temperature shifts up or down increased or decreased respectively biliary excretion rate by 40–53%. Furthermore, 10 °C acclimated fish shifted to 14 °C had 125% greater biliary excretion rate than 18 °C acclimated fish shifted to 14 °C. Apparent hepatic blood flow was greater in fish acclimated to and measured at 18 than 14 or 10 °C but was not different when 10 or 18 °C acclimated fish were measured at 14 °C. Acclimation to 10 versus 18 °C did not affect the Vmax or the temperature/activity relationship for the liver plasma membrane (LPM) Na+,K+-ATPase or the LPM Mg2+ -ATPase but did cause a major shift in the Km of the Na+,K+-ATPase (0.14 and 1.11 mM, respectively). This Km shift was observed at an 18 °C but not a 37 °C assay temperature. Thus, acclimation-induced changes in this enzyme were only observable at physiologically relevant temperature and substrate conditions. Depending on the thermal treatment, both hepatic blood flow and LMP Na+,K+-ATPase may module biliary excretion.

Influence of thermal acclimation on membrane lipid composition of rainbow trout liver

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R91-R101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hazel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Induced Changes

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to 5 degrees C possessed larger livers and less neutral lipid per gram of liver than 20 degrees C-acclimated animals; quantities of liver glycolipid, phospholipid, and cholesterol did not vary significantly with acclimation temperature. The relative proportions of phosphatidylethanolamine increased significantly following cold exposure, whereas the quantities of sphingomyelin and cardiolipin declined. For all phosphatides examined (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, lysolecithin, cardiolipin, sphingomyelin) cold acclimation resulted in 1) an increase in the quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 2) a reduction in the level of saturated fatty acids, and 3) little change in the total content of monoenes and dienes. The increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in choline and ethanolamine phosphatides following cold acclimation was confined to the 2-position and occurred at the expense of monoenes and dienes. The relative proportions of n - 3 fatty acids, and less frequently n - 6 fatty acids, increased in phosphatides of cold-acclimated trout, whereas the relative proportions of n - 9 fatty acids declined. These data suggest a preferential incorporation of fatty acids belonging to the linolenic acid family at reduced temperatures. Temperature-induced changes in the chemical composition of trout liver phospholipids counteracted the effects of acute temperature change on nonelectrolyte permeability of isolated liposomes.

Evaluation of Erythrocyte δ-amino Levulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity as a Short-Term Indicator in Fish of a Harmful Exposure to Lead

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Beverley R. Blunt ◽  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
Keith Austen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Acid Dehydratase ◽  
Amino Levulinic Acid

The activity of erythrocyte δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) of fish is easily measured under a variety of experimental conditions. Exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus) to lead consistently inhibited ALA-D within 2 wks at concentrations as low as 10, 90, 470, and 90 μg/ℓ, respectively. In rainbow and brook trout these concentrations were closely related to the published minimum effective concentrations causing sublethal harm. There was a significant linear relationship between ALA-D activity and log of blood lead concentration, between ALA-D activity and log of lead in water, and between blood lead and lead in water. Near lethal exposures to cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury did not significantly inhibit ALA-D activity. Recovery of ALA-D activity of rainbow trout after transfer from 120 μg/ℓ lead to clean water occurred in 8 wk. This enzyme provides fast, consistent, specific, and sensitive estimates of lead concentrations causing sublethal harm to fish and may help to relate sources of lead to degree of exposure of fish populations in the field. Key words: lead, sublethal toxicity, fish, indicator enzyme, δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document