Effects of pH on Toxicity of Antimycin to Fish

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif L. Marking
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Green Sunfish

Detoxification of antimycin at pH 9.5 was caused by two factors. The piscicide was biologically unavailable at the high pH, and this unavailability was reversed by decreasing the pH of water solutions. Simultaneously antimycin detoxified with time, and the resulting loss in toxicity was irreversible. The toxicity of antimycin was related to the amount of un-ionized molecules; however, the dissociation curve resulting from the published pKa of 5.1 does not agree with the implied dissociation when based on toxicity. Toxicity of antimycin decreased gradually from pH 6.5 to 8.5 and abruptly from 8.5 to 9.5 with carp (Cyprinus carpio), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). As previously suggested, water hardness had little or no effect on toxicity.

scholarly journals Validation of three back-calculation models by using multiple oxytetracycline marks formed in the otoliths and scales of bluegill × green sunfish hybrids

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Klumb ◽  
Michael A Bozek ◽  
Richard V Frie
Keyword(s):  
Model Validation ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Lee Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
Calculation Models

We assessed the accuracy of the Fraser–Lee, biological-intercept, and Weisberg back-calculation models to estimate growth from otoliths and scales of laboratory-reared juvenile bluegill × green sunfish hybrids (Lepomis macrochirus × Lepomis cyanellus). Hybrid sunfish were injected three times with oxytetracycline hydrochloride at 90-day intervals to mark bony structures, creating simulated annuli for model validation. Back-calculated lengths (BCLs) with otoliths were generally less accurate than scales for all three models. Errors ranged from –8.2 to 7.8% for the Fraser–Lee model, from –8.0 to 8.3% for the biological-intercept model, and from –6.5 to 14.3% for the Weisberg model. For all three models, there was no significant difference in BCLs using left or right otoliths, and BCLs using the Fraser–Lee and biological-intercept models were not significantly different from each other. In contrast with otoliths, all three models produced accurate BCLs from scales; errors ranged from –4.3 to 0.1%. For juvenile hybrid sunfish, we recommend using scales for back-calculation of growth. The Fraser–Lee (with zero intercept) and biological-intercept models produced the most accurate BCLs from otoliths. However, due to potential decoupling of otolith and body growth, caution should be exercised when estimating juvenile hybrid sunfish growth from otoliths.

The distribution and pathobiology of Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus in the intestine of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Adel-Meguid ◽  
G. W. Esch ◽  
H. E. Eure
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Paratenic Host ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
The Status ◽  
Repeated Infections ◽  
Green Sunfish

SUMMARYThe status of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) as homologous hosts for the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus was experimentally determined. It was found that the adult parasite did not establish in bluegills, but that these fish could serve as paratenic host. In contrast, complete growth and development to the adult stage occurred in the green sunfish. When green sunfish were intubated with 10 cystacanths/fish, the parasite exhibited a clear preference for the anterior half of the intestine; when 50 cystacanths/fish were intubated, the parasites showed a preference for the posterior half of the intestine. With repeated exposure of cystacanths, the parasites were distributed throughout the intestine. The extent of histopathology induced by N. cylindratus was related to the numbers of parasites present. In light infections (10 cystacanths), the parasite penetrated deeply into the intestinal wall and connective tissue developed around the proboscis. In infections with 50 cystacanths, the proboscis penetration was shallow and little if any connective tissue accumulated. There was also an indication that in crowded areas, the parasites appeared to change their sites of attachment frequently. In both heavy and repeated infections, the parasites evoked significant goblet cell hyperplasia and substantial quantities of mucus covered the intestinal wall. It is suggested that the sticky covering and the presumed presence of antibodies in the mucus combined to create a protective barrier thereby reducing the numbers of parasites that could attach and become established.

Vertical banding evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in anaesthetized green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, and bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
D. H. Bauer ◽  
L. S. Demski
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

A pattern of dark vertical bands is a characteristic agonistic display in the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus and the bluegill, L. macrochirus. The rapidity with which the display can appear and disappear indicates that it is neurally controlled. Electrical stimulation of the brain was carried out in anaesthetized green sunfish and bluegills to map those regions from which this colour change can be elicited. Banding was evoked by stimulation of sites near the midline in the preoptic area, ventral thalamic-dorsal hypothalmic transition zone, the midbrain tegmentum (just dorsal to the nucleus prerotundus pars medialis), in and near the torus semicricularis, in the basal midbrain (region of the crossing tectobulbar tracts), and in the rostral basomedial medulla. A ‘transition’ zone was located basally in the middle medulla, caudal to which only paling was evoked. Areas found to be negative for evoked banding included the telencephalic lobe, the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, the optic tract, the optic tectum, the body and valvula of the cerebellum and the caudal medulla. It is postulated that the vertical banding pattern is made up of a separate, selectively controlled system of dermal melanophores. The possible neural mechanisms controlling banding are discussed.

Determining sampling date interval for precise in situ estimates of cumulative food consumption by fishes

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1131-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W Whitledge ◽  
Robert S Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Lotic Systems ◽  
Green Sunfish

We tested the influence of sampling date interval (SDI) on precision of in situ estimates of cumulative food consumption by fishes. Daily rations of stream-dwelling green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) and impoundment-dwelling bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were estimated for 30 consecutive days using a low-effort procedure. Cumulative consumption by each species over the 30-day period (and 95% CIs) was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. The effect of SDI on cumulative consumption estimates was examined by calculating cumulative consumption for SDIs of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, and 30 days; the 1-day SDI served as a standard for evaluation of other SDIs. Cumulative consumption estimates began to fall outside the 95% CI for the 1-day SDI at SDIs of 3-4 days and did so with with increasing frequency as SDI increased. Error in estimating cumulative consumption was almost always [Formula: see text]15% relative to the 1-day SDI standard at SDIs of 5 days or less but was as high as 26 and 39% at SDIs of 6 and 7 days, respectively. Our results suggest that sampling at least every 5 days may be required to obtain precise estimates of cumulative consumption by fishes in lotic systems and small impoundments.

Temperature Acclimation and the Nervous System in Fish

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
BETTY I. ROOTS ◽  
C. LADD PROSSER
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Conditioned Inhibition ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Blocking Temperature ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Green Sunfish

1. The cold-blocking temperature of a simple reflex in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) was 10,° 5° and 1° C. respectively for fish acclimated to 35°, 25°, and 15° C. The response of 5° C. fish was not blocked at 1° C. 2. Similar results were obtained with goldfish in which the spinal cord had been cut immediately posterior to the medulla. 3. Conditioned inhibition of respiration in goldfish acclimatized to 30°, 25°, 15° and 5° C. was blocked at 20°, 15°, 10° and 1° C. respectively. 4. A conditioned avoidance response of goldfish acclimated to 25° C. was blocked at 15° C. 5. The cruising speed of green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) is related to the ambient temperature, and the upper and lower temperatures at which they do not swim are related to their thermal history. 6. Peripheral nerves of bluegills and green sunfish acclimated to 25° C. continued to conduct impulses at temperatures below 5° C. 7. It is concluded that the site of cold-block is in the central nervous system.

An Investigation into Fish Escapement from a Small Impoundment through a Pipe Spillway and Implications for Predatory Impacts on Small Stream Fishes

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (2008) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Scott C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Stream Fishes ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Endangered Fish ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Green Sunfish

Escape of predatory fish from impoundments and their impact on native stream fishes, especially threatened and endangered fish, are concerns of fishery managers. This investigation was designed to identify if fish, especially predatory fish, would escape from an impoundment with a surface withdrawal spillway pipe, and enter a stream. From March 16, 2005 through June 2, 2006, all discharge from the impoundment was forced to flow through a steel cage constructed of one-half inch steel mesh, which trapped escaping fish consisting of 37 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, 141 bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, and 197 green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus. The average sizes of largemouth bass, bluegill and green sunfish caught were 3.9 inches (range 2.5 to 10.5 inches), 1.4 inches (range 0.75 to 2.5 inches), and 2.2 inches (range 1.3 to 3.3 inches), respectively. Most of the fish escapement occurred during the months of April, May, and September when discharge was highest. Thus fish can readily escape through a surface withdrawal spillway pipe during periods of discharge.

Temperatures Selected and Avoided by Fish at Various Acclimation Temperatures

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Kenneth L. Dickson ◽  
John Cairns Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Range Difference ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Green Sunfish

Temperatures selected and avoided by 13 fish species, evaluated at decreasing increments of 3 C from 30 to 6 C, declined as the acclimation temperature decreased from summer to winter. As acclimation levels declined the difference between acclimation and selected temperatures increased for centrarchids and cyprinids, whereas the difference between these two temperatures increased for trout above and below the 18 C level of acclimation. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) selected the highest temperatures at all acclimation levels, followed by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus), and other cyprinids. Rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout selected the lowest temperatures. A linear regression of the selection vs. the acclimation temperatures was plotted for cyprinids, centrarchids, and salmonids.As the acclimation temperature was lowered, temperatures avoided decreased and the difference between the upper and lower avoidance range increased at each acclimation level. Eurythermal species, centrarchids, ictalurids, and most cyprinids, generally had a range difference of at least 10 C or more between the upper and lower avoidance temperature at each acclimation level.

Morphometric Analysis of the Hepatocytes from Fish Exposed to Arsenic

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
Elsie M. B. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Sodium Arsenate ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Mammalian Counterpart ◽  
Intracellular Changes ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
Organic Pesticides

The detoxification capacity of the liver is well documented for a variety of substances including ethanol, organic pesticides, drugs, and metals. The piscean liver, although less enzymatically active than the mammalian counterpart (1), contains endoplasmic reticulum with an impressive repertoire of oxidizing, reducing, and conjugating abilities (2). Histopathologic changes are kncwn to occur in fish hepatocytes following in vivo exposure to arsenic (3); however, ultrastructural changes have not been reported. This study involved the morphometric analysis of intracellular changes in fish parynchymal hepatocytes and correlation with arsenic concentration in the liver.Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus, R.) were exposed to 0, 30, or 60 ppm arsenic (as sodium arsenate) at 20°C for 1, 2, or 3 week intervals before removal of livers for quantification of the arsenic burden (using neutron activation analysis) and morphometric analysis of ultrastructural alterations. Livers were cut into 1 mm cubes for fixation, dehydration, and embedding.

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