Temperatures Selected and Avoided by Fish at Various Acclimation Temperatures

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Kenneth L. Dickson ◽  
John Cairns Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Range Difference ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Green Sunfish

Temperatures selected and avoided by 13 fish species, evaluated at decreasing increments of 3 C from 30 to 6 C, declined as the acclimation temperature decreased from summer to winter. As acclimation levels declined the difference between acclimation and selected temperatures increased for centrarchids and cyprinids, whereas the difference between these two temperatures increased for trout above and below the 18 C level of acclimation. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) selected the highest temperatures at all acclimation levels, followed by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus), and other cyprinids. Rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout selected the lowest temperatures. A linear regression of the selection vs. the acclimation temperatures was plotted for cyprinids, centrarchids, and salmonids.As the acclimation temperature was lowered, temperatures avoided decreased and the difference between the upper and lower avoidance range increased at each acclimation level. Eurythermal species, centrarchids, ictalurids, and most cyprinids, generally had a range difference of at least 10 C or more between the upper and lower avoidance temperature at each acclimation level.

Effects of Cage Culture on Growth, Abundance, and Survival of Resident Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj V. Kilambi ◽  
James C. Adams ◽  
William A. Wickizer
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Content ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cage Culture ◽  
Content Analyses ◽  
Culture Growth

Growth, population size, and survival of resident largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were estimated before, during, and after the cage culture of Salmo gairdneri and Ictalurus punctatus. Growth in length, length–weight relationship, and condition factor were similar among the periods; however, abundance and survival of largemouth bass increased through the 3 yr of investigation. Stomach content analyses showed that the bass fed on fishes (mostly Lepomis macrochirus), crayfish, insects, and zooplankton (predominantly entomostracans). Increase in the standing crops of L. macrochirus and entomostracans during the study periods have provided forage to the increased bass population and thus resulted in greater survival of the young and adult bass of the cage culture and postcage culture periods. Key words: largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, cage culture, growth, abundance, survival

scholarly journals Validation of three back-calculation models by using multiple oxytetracycline marks formed in the otoliths and scales of bluegill × green sunfish hybrids

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Klumb ◽  
Michael A Bozek ◽  
Richard V Frie
Keyword(s):  
Model Validation ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Lee Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
Calculation Models

We assessed the accuracy of the Fraser–Lee, biological-intercept, and Weisberg back-calculation models to estimate growth from otoliths and scales of laboratory-reared juvenile bluegill × green sunfish hybrids (Lepomis macrochirus × Lepomis cyanellus). Hybrid sunfish were injected three times with oxytetracycline hydrochloride at 90-day intervals to mark bony structures, creating simulated annuli for model validation. Back-calculated lengths (BCLs) with otoliths were generally less accurate than scales for all three models. Errors ranged from –8.2 to 7.8% for the Fraser–Lee model, from –8.0 to 8.3% for the biological-intercept model, and from –6.5 to 14.3% for the Weisberg model. For all three models, there was no significant difference in BCLs using left or right otoliths, and BCLs using the Fraser–Lee and biological-intercept models were not significantly different from each other. In contrast with otoliths, all three models produced accurate BCLs from scales; errors ranged from –4.3 to 0.1%. For juvenile hybrid sunfish, we recommend using scales for back-calculation of growth. The Fraser–Lee (with zero intercept) and biological-intercept models produced the most accurate BCLs from otoliths. However, due to potential decoupling of otolith and body growth, caution should be exercised when estimating juvenile hybrid sunfish growth from otoliths.

The distribution and pathobiology of Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus in the intestine of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Adel-Meguid ◽  
G. W. Esch ◽  
H. E. Eure
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Paratenic Host ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
The Status ◽  
Repeated Infections ◽  
Green Sunfish

SUMMARYThe status of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) as homologous hosts for the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus was experimentally determined. It was found that the adult parasite did not establish in bluegills, but that these fish could serve as paratenic host. In contrast, complete growth and development to the adult stage occurred in the green sunfish. When green sunfish were intubated with 10 cystacanths/fish, the parasite exhibited a clear preference for the anterior half of the intestine; when 50 cystacanths/fish were intubated, the parasites showed a preference for the posterior half of the intestine. With repeated exposure of cystacanths, the parasites were distributed throughout the intestine. The extent of histopathology induced by N. cylindratus was related to the numbers of parasites present. In light infections (10 cystacanths), the parasite penetrated deeply into the intestinal wall and connective tissue developed around the proboscis. In infections with 50 cystacanths, the proboscis penetration was shallow and little if any connective tissue accumulated. There was also an indication that in crowded areas, the parasites appeared to change their sites of attachment frequently. In both heavy and repeated infections, the parasites evoked significant goblet cell hyperplasia and substantial quantities of mucus covered the intestinal wall. It is suggested that the sticky covering and the presumed presence of antibodies in the mucus combined to create a protective barrier thereby reducing the numbers of parasites that could attach and become established.

Influence of Temperature Selection upon the Chlorine Avoidance of Cold-Water and Warmwater Fishes

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Stephan R. Larrick ◽  
James D. Giattina ◽  
John Cairns Jr. ◽  
John Van Hassel
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Chlorine Toxicity

The avoidance response of selected cold-water (stenothermal) and warmwater (eurythermal) fish species to total residual chlorine (TRC) was found to be species specific, influenced by temperature, and dependent upon the constituents within the TRC. The first significant avoidance of TRC (primarily free chlorine) at 12 and 18 °C occurred at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.10 mg/L for salmonids — rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) — and 0.10 to 0.40 mg/L at 12 and 24 °C for the eurythermal species — largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). A greater concentration of TRC was necessary to initiate avoidance at the highest acclimation temperature for most fish species tested although the amount of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) within the TRC was approximately the same regardless of the acclimation temperature at each avoidance concentration. For exposures comprised mainly of monochloramine (MONOCl), initial avoidance concentrations were generally equal to or greater than concentrations avoided in the TRC trials. After attraction into heated water, bluegill and largemouth bass avoided some TRC or MONOCl concentrations which were either equal to or twofold greater than the concentrations determined in tests without temperature attraction; for mosquitofish, the differences were as much as three to four times greater. Temperature attraction into chlorinated water was less influential for salmonids in elevating the avoidance response of chlorine with only a twofold increase in the avoidance concentration of TRC and none for MONOCl.Key words: chlorine avoidance, chlorine toxicity, temperature selection, stenothermal fish, eurythermal fish

Vertical banding evoked by electrical stimulation of the brain in anaesthetized green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, and bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
D. H. Bauer ◽  
L. S. Demski
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

A pattern of dark vertical bands is a characteristic agonistic display in the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus and the bluegill, L. macrochirus. The rapidity with which the display can appear and disappear indicates that it is neurally controlled. Electrical stimulation of the brain was carried out in anaesthetized green sunfish and bluegills to map those regions from which this colour change can be elicited. Banding was evoked by stimulation of sites near the midline in the preoptic area, ventral thalamic-dorsal hypothalmic transition zone, the midbrain tegmentum (just dorsal to the nucleus prerotundus pars medialis), in and near the torus semicricularis, in the basal midbrain (region of the crossing tectobulbar tracts), and in the rostral basomedial medulla. A ‘transition’ zone was located basally in the middle medulla, caudal to which only paling was evoked. Areas found to be negative for evoked banding included the telencephalic lobe, the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus, the optic tract, the optic tectum, the body and valvula of the cerebellum and the caudal medulla. It is postulated that the vertical banding pattern is made up of a separate, selectively controlled system of dermal melanophores. The possible neural mechanisms controlling banding are discussed.

Preferred, Avoided, and Lethal Temperatures of Fish During Rising Temperature Conditions

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Kenneth L. Dickson ◽  
John Cairns Jr. ◽  
Jay R. Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Preferences

Selected temperatures increased for 15 fish species in a laboratory gradient when acclimated to 3 °C increments from 12 to 27 °C. Temperature preferences exceeded acclimation temperatures between 12 to 27 °C for all except the telescope shiner (Notropis telescopus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). At 30, 33, or 36 °C acclimation, preferred temperatures were less than the acclimation temperature. The highest temperature preferences occurred at acclimations of 27, 30, or 33 °C. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus), rockbass (Ambloplites rupestris), and the spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus) consistently selected the highest temperatures while the lowest temperatures were preferred by the salmonids. Final temperature preferences were usually greater than 29 °C for most centrarchids, above 24 °C for most cyprinids, and less than 19 °C for salmonids.Avoidance temperatures increased as acclimation temperature increased. Upper avoidances tested at high acclimation temperatures (30–36 °C) either equalled or exceeded the 7-day upper lethal temperature limit of the species by 1–2 °C, while avoidances were below this upper lethal limit when tested at the acclimation temperature closest to the species' final temperature preference.

Ambient Oxygen Tension and Transition to Anaerobic Metabolism in Three Species of Freshwater Fish

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1216-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis T. Burton ◽  
Alan G. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Brown Bullhead ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Dissociation Curves

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) were exposed to a gradual (over several hours) reduction in dissolved oxygen. Muscle and liver lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations were measured at seven environmental [Formula: see text]. The response was an increase in anaerobic metabolism of the resting fish at a threshold [Formula: see text] that varied with the species and acclimation temperature. A lower anaerobic threshold occurred after acclimation to cold in rainbow trout and possibly bluegill; cold acclimated brown bullhead did not metabolize anaerobically when held in water for 20 min with an oxygen tension near zero. The anaerobic thresholds correspond reasonably well to the relative positions of the blood oxygen dissociation curves for the three species. Only in the trout, however, does the anaerobic threshold found in this study compare to the critical oxygen tension (PC; [Formula: see text] below which aerobic metabolism becomes dependent on [Formula: see text] in the water). PC is far higher in both the bluegill and brown bullhead than the anaerobic threshold which suggests a reduction in overall energy expenditure in these species at rest when in water of low dissolved oxygen.Key words: anaerobic metabolism, lactate/pyruvate ratios, muscle, liver, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus

Determining sampling date interval for precise in situ estimates of cumulative food consumption by fishes

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1131-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W Whitledge ◽  
Robert S Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Lotic Systems ◽  
Green Sunfish

We tested the influence of sampling date interval (SDI) on precision of in situ estimates of cumulative food consumption by fishes. Daily rations of stream-dwelling green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) and impoundment-dwelling bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were estimated for 30 consecutive days using a low-effort procedure. Cumulative consumption by each species over the 30-day period (and 95% CIs) was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. The effect of SDI on cumulative consumption estimates was examined by calculating cumulative consumption for SDIs of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, and 30 days; the 1-day SDI served as a standard for evaluation of other SDIs. Cumulative consumption estimates began to fall outside the 95% CI for the 1-day SDI at SDIs of 3-4 days and did so with with increasing frequency as SDI increased. Error in estimating cumulative consumption was almost always [Formula: see text]15% relative to the 1-day SDI standard at SDIs of 5 days or less but was as high as 26 and 39% at SDIs of 6 and 7 days, respectively. Our results suggest that sampling at least every 5 days may be required to obtain precise estimates of cumulative consumption by fishes in lotic systems and small impoundments.

Acceleration Performance of Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri and Green Sunfish Lepomis Cyanellus

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
Point Distance ◽  
Green Sunfish

High unsteady (acceleration) performance of rainbow trout (L = 14.3 cm) and green sunfish (L = 8.0 cm) was studied in response to electric shock stimulus. Acceleration movements were divisible into a preparatory stage 1 and a main propulsive stage 2. Locomotory behaviour varied between faststarts and turning manoeuvres. Taking the centre of mass for the stretched straight body as the reference point, distance covered with time was described by the equation; distance covered = a. (time)b. The mean value of b was 1.60 for trout and 1.71 for sunfish. The overall mean distance covered and time to the end of stage 2 was 5.36 cm in 0.078 sec for trout and 2.85 cm in 0.079 sec for sunfish. Velocity increased curvilinearly with time. Maximum values of 20 L/sec were observed, but overall mean values at the end of stage 2 were 8.5 L/sec for trout and 8.3 L/sec for sunfish. Acceleration rate was not uniform but decreased with time. Mean maximum values were calculated of 42 m/s2 for trout and 16 m/s2 for sunfish, but overall mean values for an acceleration movement were 13 m/s2 and 8 m/s2 for the two species respectively. The observed acceleration behaviour is more advantageous than uniform acceleration because a greater distance is covered and greater velocities acquired in a shorter time, while the increased energetic cost is only 2–3 % of the total energy expended.

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