Acceleration Performance of Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri and Green Sunfish Lepomis Cyanellus

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
Point Distance ◽  
Green Sunfish

High unsteady (acceleration) performance of rainbow trout (L = 14.3 cm) and green sunfish (L = 8.0 cm) was studied in response to electric shock stimulus. Acceleration movements were divisible into a preparatory stage 1 and a main propulsive stage 2. Locomotory behaviour varied between faststarts and turning manoeuvres. Taking the centre of mass for the stretched straight body as the reference point, distance covered with time was described by the equation; distance covered = a. (time)b. The mean value of b was 1.60 for trout and 1.71 for sunfish. The overall mean distance covered and time to the end of stage 2 was 5.36 cm in 0.078 sec for trout and 2.85 cm in 0.079 sec for sunfish. Velocity increased curvilinearly with time. Maximum values of 20 L/sec were observed, but overall mean values at the end of stage 2 were 8.5 L/sec for trout and 8.3 L/sec for sunfish. Acceleration rate was not uniform but decreased with time. Mean maximum values were calculated of 42 m/s2 for trout and 16 m/s2 for sunfish, but overall mean values for an acceleration movement were 13 m/s2 and 8 m/s2 for the two species respectively. The observed acceleration behaviour is more advantageous than uniform acceleration because a greater distance is covered and greater velocities acquired in a shorter time, while the increased energetic cost is only 2–3 % of the total energy expended.

Acute Ammonia Toxicity and Ammonia Excretion in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty A. Hillaby ◽  
David J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Ammonia

Acute ammonia toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied by intraarterial injection of NH4Cl and NH4HCO3. Hydrogen ion and total ammonia concentrations were measured in blood sampled from the dorsal aorta both before and after injection. Although injection of NH4HCO3 increased arterial blood pH, and injection of NH4Cl decreased arterial blood pH, the same dose of each was required to kill fish. While the un-ionized form of ammonia in water has been shown to be toxic, in the blood either the ionized form or the total ammonia load is toxic to fish. Ammonia levels were measured in pre- and postbranchial blood. Mean values were not significantly different, but paired values indicated a fall in blood ammonia due to excretion across the gills. There appears to be a more rapid excretion of ammonia following NH4HCO3 infusions, which result in higher un-ionized ammonia levels in blood compared with those following NH4Cl infusions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ammonia is excreted in the un-ionized form. Key words: un-ionized ammonia, ionized ammonia, gills, pH, blood

Temperature Effects on Acceleration of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1417-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Velocity Flow ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Shock Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Temperature

Acceleration performance during and immediately following fast-starts was measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean mass 23.5 g. Fast-start responses were initiated by an electric shock stimulus. Temperature had little effect on fast-start kinematics. Response latency and duration of propulsion strokes decreased with temperature. Latencies decreased from 23 ms at 5 °C to 6 ms at 25 °C. Times to complete the first two principal acceleration strokes in a fast-start decreased from 116 ms at 5 °C to 65 ms at 25 °C. Distance traveled in a given time increased with temperature. For an elapsed time of 100 ms, the distance traveled was 3.5 cm at 5 °C increasing to 11.3 cm at 25 °C. Velocity increased with time at each temperature to reach maximum values by the end of the third propulsive stroke and thereafter declining. Maximum velocity increased with temperature from 0.99 m∙s−1 at 5 °C to 1.71 m∙s−1 at 15 °C. Maximum velocity was independent of temperature from 15 to 25 °C. Similar trends were found for maximum acceleration rate which increased from 16 m∙s−2 at 5 °C to 41 m∙s−2 over the 15–25 °C range. Temperature effects on acceleration performance would alter the ability of fish to traverse short areas of high velocity flow, the effectiveness of predators, and vulnerability of prey fish. Key words: trout, acceleration, swimming, fast-start, temperature, predation, locomotion

Estimation of Circulation Time in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1860-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Receptor Sites

Circulation time in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (mean weight 211.9 g) at 10 C was estimated by injecting Cardio-Green dye into the dorsal aorta and timing its reappearance at the site of injection. Circulation times ranged from 48 to 96 sec in the nine fish studied and had a mean value of 64.1 ± 16.4 sec. These circulation times are consistent with the known blood volume and cardiac output for rainbow trout.Such circulation times provide useful information on the theoretical positioning of receptors for the regulation of circulation and ventilation. Responses of trout to hypoxia or reduced gill water flow are too rapid to be initiated solely by a venous receptor considering these circulation times. Receptor sites must therefore be located in the arterial system or on the gills themselves.

scholarly journals The Transition between Branchial Pumping and Ram Ventilation in Fishes: Energetic Consequences and Dependence on Water Oxygen Tension

1985 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Fleng Steffensen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Water Oxygen ◽  
Ram Ventilation ◽  
Important Stimulus

1. Ram ventilation has been demonstrated in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. The swimming speed eliciting the transition in mode of ventilation increased with declining ambient water oxygen tension (PwOO2). 2. The mode of ventilation of fish swimming at a constant speed could be altered by controlled variations in PwOO2. 3. Oxygen consumption (V·OO2) decreased by 10.2% when rainbow trout, swimming at a constant speed, shifted from active to ram ventilation. This difference can be ascribed to a lowering of the energetic cost of active ventilation as well as improved drag characteristics. 4. Water velocity required for the transition from active to ram ventilation in the resting sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates, increased with decreasing PwOO2. 5. The results show that water oxygen tension is an important stimulus for setting the ventilatory mode in rainbow trout and sharksucker.

Temperatures Selected and Avoided by Fish at Various Acclimation Temperatures

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
Kenneth L. Dickson ◽  
John Cairns Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Range Difference ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Green Sunfish

Temperatures selected and avoided by 13 fish species, evaluated at decreasing increments of 3 C from 30 to 6 C, declined as the acclimation temperature decreased from summer to winter. As acclimation levels declined the difference between acclimation and selected temperatures increased for centrarchids and cyprinids, whereas the difference between these two temperatures increased for trout above and below the 18 C level of acclimation. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) selected the highest temperatures at all acclimation levels, followed by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus), and other cyprinids. Rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) and brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout selected the lowest temperatures. A linear regression of the selection vs. the acclimation temperatures was plotted for cyprinids, centrarchids, and salmonids.As the acclimation temperature was lowered, temperatures avoided decreased and the difference between the upper and lower avoidance range increased at each acclimation level. Eurythermal species, centrarchids, ictalurids, and most cyprinids, generally had a range difference of at least 10 C or more between the upper and lower avoidance temperature at each acclimation level.

Effects of a Parasitic Gut Nematode on Consumption and Growth in Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Hiscox ◽  
R. W. Brocksen
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Warmwater Fish ◽  
Food Assimilation

A technique was developed for differentially infecting juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, by introduction of the parasitic gut nematode, Bulbodacnitis ampullastoma. Desired infection levels were induced in trout with 80% success. B. ampullastoma affected growth and food consumption of trout in the laboratory. The effects of the parasite were evident at low and high ration levels. At low and starvation ration levels the parasite effected a withdrawal of the energy stores of the fish. At higher ration levels, the direct effects of the parasite were compounded by apparent parasite interference with food assimilation by the fish.B. ampullastoma was directly infective to a warmwater fish, Lepomis cyanellus.

Morphometric Analysis of the Hepatocytes from Fish Exposed to Arsenic

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
Elsie M. B. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Sodium Arsenate ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Mammalian Counterpart ◽  
Intracellular Changes ◽  
Green Sunfish ◽  
Organic Pesticides

The detoxification capacity of the liver is well documented for a variety of substances including ethanol, organic pesticides, drugs, and metals. The piscean liver, although less enzymatically active than the mammalian counterpart (1), contains endoplasmic reticulum with an impressive repertoire of oxidizing, reducing, and conjugating abilities (2). Histopathologic changes are kncwn to occur in fish hepatocytes following in vivo exposure to arsenic (3); however, ultrastructural changes have not been reported. This study involved the morphometric analysis of intracellular changes in fish parynchymal hepatocytes and correlation with arsenic concentration in the liver.Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus, R.) were exposed to 0, 30, or 60 ppm arsenic (as sodium arsenate) at 20°C for 1, 2, or 3 week intervals before removal of livers for quantification of the arsenic burden (using neutron activation analysis) and morphometric analysis of ultrastructural alterations. Livers were cut into 1 mm cubes for fixation, dehydration, and embedding.

Stereological Analyses of Hepatocyte Ultrastructure Monitor Arsenic Liver Burdens

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 442-443
Author(s):  
E. M. B. Sorensen ◽  
R. R. Mitchell ◽  
L. L. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hepatocyte Ultrastructure ◽  
Lepomis Cyanellus ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Activation Data ◽  
Water Analyses ◽  
Municipal Lake ◽  
Green Sunfish

Endemic freshwater teleosts were collected from a portion of the Navosota River drainage system which had been inadvertently contaminated with arsenic wastes from a firm manufacturing arsenical pesticides and herbicides. At the time of collection these fish were exposed to a concentration of 13.6 ppm arsenic in the water; levels ranged from 1.0 to 20.0 ppm during the four-month period prior. Scale annuli counts and prior water analyses indicated that these fish had been exposed for a lifetime. Neutron activation data showed that Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) had accumulated from 6.1 to 64.2 ppm arsenic in the liver, which is the major detoxification organ in arsenic poisoning. Examination of livers for ultrastructural changes revealed the presence of electron dense bodies and large numbers of autophagic vacuoles (AV) and necrotic bodies (NB) (1), as previously observed in this same species following laboratory exposures to sodium arsenate (2). In addition, abnormal lysosomes (AL), necrotic areas (NA), proliferated rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and fibrous bodies (FB) were observed. In order to assess whether the extent of these cellular changes was related to the concentration of arsenic in the liver, stereological measurements of the volume and surface densities of changes were compared with levels of arsenic in the livers of fish from both Municipal Lake and an area known to contain no detectable level of arsenic.

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