Development of National Quotas by the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2427-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Edelman ◽  
I. I. Dokuchaev
Keyword(s):  
Mesh Size ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
First Time ◽  
Principal Species

The Northwest Atlantic Ocean is one of the areas where fish stocks have been subjected to exceedingly high fishing pressure by many European and American countries, to the extent that some of them require strict control. International cooperation has been achieved through the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF). The Commission has applied conservation measures following scientific advice from various panels and committees, and stands as the first example of the application of national quotas for major exploited species.By 1967, increases in total catches in the ICNAF Area were accompanied by decreases in the catch per unit of effort, and it became apparent that regulations on mesh size were not sufficient to maintain the stocks. The Standing Committee on Regulatory Measures was created to consider alternative regulations, and the economic and administrative problems connected with them. A Committee on Research and Statistics was charged with preparation of scientific data on status of the stocks and measures necessary to maintain and restore them.As early as 1968, proposals were made to establish total catch quotas for principal species and to allocate these among the countries fishing. Adoption of this kind of regulation involved amendments to the Convention, and decisions were therefore difficult to achieve without a long and detailed study.At the 1969 meeting, many stocks had declined further and stricter quotas were applied. The Commission recommended changes in the Convention to allow regulations to be made on economic and technical as well as on scientific data; this was the first step on the way to fixing national quotas. The Standing Committee on Regulatory Measures recommended overall quotas for the principal species and that these quotas be shared among participating nations, taking into account interests of states with developing fisheries, states whose fleets are incapable of being diverted to other fisheries, special interests of coastal states, and historical landings. The weight to be given to these various factors was left for further negotiations.At the 1970 meeting, as only four member countries had ratified the agreements on national quotas, this problem remained unsolved. In 1971, despite further declines in catch and better research data, the Commission was still unable to agree on national quotas. But at an extraordinary meeting in January and February 1972, total quotas were established for herring in particular areas, and for national quotas. Thus for the first time in history national quotas were accepted by fishing countries. Later, overall and national quotas were recommended for the other principal species. It is hoped that this experience will be useful to other international bodies in resolving this complex problem.

Fishery Regulations in the ICNAF Area

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436-2443 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Bogdanov ◽  
K. G. Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Demersal Species

Several countries have been fishing in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean for 300 years, and recently pressure on the stocks has increased greatly. The need for conservation resulted in the creation of the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) in 1950. By 1972 16 countries were party to the Convention.When the Convention came into force, the catch in the Convention area was 1.7 million metric tons; by 1968 this had risen to 3.9 million metric tons, after which it has declined, largely because of lower cod, herring, and haddock catches.The main objective of ICNAF is to maintain the fish stocks at levels permitting maximum sustainable yields. The first regulation applied by the Commission was the fixing of minimum sizes of trawlnet meshes used to catch a number of important demersal species. At its 1972 meeting other measures were introduced, notably the fixing of maximum quotas for several subareas and for the more important species. ICNAF is therefore the international commission which has the most thorough and extensive regulation measures.At meetings in 1971 and 1972 the Commission concluded that exploitation of the major species in the ICNAF area was extremely high and that it was necessary to reduce fishing effort. These conclusions were arrived at on the basis of intensive research. Ten years of research on cod stocks is described as an example of this kind of work. It led to the conclusion that mesh size limitations were not sufficient to maintain the stocks of cod, and this was one of the strong reasons for adoption of the quotas, a step which is of great significance in international fisheries management.

scholarly journals International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-454
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Research Program ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Comprehensive Research Program

The fourth annual meeting of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries was held in Halifax, Canada, from June 14 to 18, 1954, under the chairmanship of Dr. Stewart Bates (Canada). The Commission received and approved a report from the Standing Committee on Research and Statistics recommending modifications and additions in the Commission's system of collecting and compiling statistics. With regard to haddock regulations, the Committee had referred to one of its panels the question of a proposed amendment to the regulation exempting a specified maximum percentage of the catch of haddock to ensure that there was no hardship to fishermen. Upon the recommendation of the scientific advisers that there was no undue hardship, the Commission noted that important principles of exemption were involved, and furthur serious consideration was required. The Commission received and approved reports which dealt with the status of the fisheries, its research programs in relation to the more comprehensive research program adopted by the Commissionn i 1953, and commercial fishing regulations. The Commission chose Ottawa, Canada, as the site of its next meeting which was to be held in June 1955.

scholarly journals International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-301
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
New England ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Fish Resources ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
Proposed Regulation

The second annual meeting of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries met at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, June 30–July 9, 1952. Among the matters considered by the commission were a review of the activities of the organization since the first meeting in April 1951, permanent headquarters for die organization, election of a new chairman and executive secretary, the 1952–1953 budget, and the composition of the five sub-areas into which the commission area was divided. In addition, the commission considered recommendations formulated at a meeting of members of sub-area V held in Ottawa on February 26, 1952. The United States and Canada, who comprised the sub-area adjacent to the New England coast, recommended that the commission 1) instruct the Research and Statistics Committee to make a detailed study of all fish resources falling within the purview of the commission; 2) consider a proposed regulation for haddock fishing, including a proposal to increase the average mesh size of nets used in fishing for haddock off the New England coast; and 3) call the attention of interested governments to a recommended research program concerning haddock.

scholarly journals International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-421
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Research Program ◽  
International Commission ◽  
New Haven ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Time ◽  
Statistical Work ◽  
Comprehensive Research Program

The third annual meeting of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries was held in New Haven, Conn., from May 25 to May 30, 1953. For the first time all signatory governments were represented by commissioners, Norway, Portugal, Italy, and France having ratified the convention in the interval between the second and the third meetings. The first regulation established by the commission, concerning the size of meshes in the nets used in the haddock fishery off the New England coast, had been proposed at the preceding annual meeting. It was strengthened at the third meeting and entered into force on June 1, 1953. In addition, the commission made recommendations to its members concerning the improvement of the statistical work of the members and of the commission, and adopted a “comprehensive research program for the Convention area”. The commission chose Halifax, Nova Scotia, as the site of its permanent headquarters, and elected Stewart Bates of Canada as chairman and Commander Tavares de Almeida of Portugal as vice-chairman for the ensuing two years.

Management of Sea Herring Fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2444-2451 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hennemuth
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Total Allowable Catch ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Stock Size ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
Territorial Water ◽  
First Time

Regulatory measures for herring set by the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) represent an important milestone in international fishery regulation because for the first time, they provide for national quotas in addition to a total catch limitation.The first regulatory measures were proposed in January 1972 to be effective that same year. In January 1973, the effects of the 1972 catch on the stock were evaluated, national quotas for 1973 were proposed, and conditional allowable catches for 1974 were proposed depending on stock size at the end of 1973. The 1972 catch, which according to preliminary statistics was within the total allowable catch, caused a further decrease in stock size. The effectiveness of the proposed 1973–74 quotas in increasing stock size depends on the sizes of the 1970 and 1971 year-classes entering the fishery in 1973 and 1974.Major problems in negotiating these regulations were caused by biological and socioeconomic factors. Biological factors included: population structure — several stocks involved, and parts of them are in nonconvention waters; assessment of effects of fishing — difficult because of rapid fishery development and because there are separate fisheries on adults and juveniles; fishery status — reductions up to 64% from 1971 catches required to prevent further spawning stock decreases. Socioeconomic factors included: allocation — general principles not previously applied, complications from new entrants, newly developing fisheries, and territorial-water fisheries; non-members; immediate action — normal procedures would prevent effective control in 1972; nonconvention waters — significant portions of the fishery not under ICNAF control; economic impact — severe reductions in existing fisheries and curtailment of developing national fisheries; administration — control technically difficult because of species and size mixture.Solutions to these problems arrived at by ICNAF are discussed, and seven general requirements for rational management are derived: adequate fishery statistics; assessment of effects of fishing; clearly defined objectives; workable techniques of regulation; principles for allocation; effective international inspection; effective enforcement.

scholarly journals International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-700
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Selective Effect ◽  
Research Programs

The sixth annual meeting of the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries was held in Halifax, Canada, June 11–15, 1956, under the chairmanship of Captain T. de Almeida (Portugal). After the opening addresses the panels reviewed the research programs being carried out in each regional sub-area and proposed various improvements in sampling, reporting the tag recaptures and statistics of catch and effort, and related matters. An ad hoc committee, which had been appointed to consider difficulties reported by the French Commissioner in connection with the mesh regulation proposed at the fifth annual meeting, recommended that research should be undertaken to determine the consequences of using multiple cod ends and to find methods of strengthening the cod end without diminishing the selective effect of the gear. Another ad hoc committee was appointed to deal with a suggestion that the exemption from mesh regulations be amended. With respect to the establishment of the two ad hoc committees, the Commission decided to discuss at its next meeting whether it should refer regulatory and enforcement questions to ad hoc committees, or whether a standing committee should be formed to deal with such problems.

A comparison of hierarchical models for relative catch efficiency based on paired-gear data for US Northwest Atlantic fish stocks

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1306-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Size Effects ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Gear Design ◽  
The Us ◽  
Conditional Beta ◽  
Binomial Models ◽  
Random Pair ◽  
Better Than

Selectivity and catch comparison studies are important for surveys that use two or more gears to collect relative abundance information. Prevailing model-based analytical methods for studies using a paired-gear design assume a binomial model for the data from each pair of gear sets. Important generalizations include nonparametric smooth size effects and normal random pair and size effects, but current methods for fitting models that account for random smooth size effects are restrictive, and observations within pairs may exhibit extra-binomial variation. I propose a hierarchical model that accounts for random smooth size effects among pairs and extra-binomial variation within pairs with a conditional beta-binomial distribution. I compared relative performance of models with different conditional distribution and random effects assumptions fit to data on 16 species from an experiment carried out in the US Northwest Atlantic Ocean comparing a new and a retiring vessel. For more than half of the species, conditional beta-binomial models performed better than binomial models, and accounting for random variation among pairs in the relative efficiency was important for all species.

scholarly journals Single-Macromolecular Level Imaging of a Hydrogel Structure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuji Kiyama ◽  
Takayuki Nonoyama ◽  
Sedlacik Tomas ◽  
Hiroshi Jinnai ◽  
Jian Ping Gong
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Network ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Gel Properties ◽  
Cell Scaffolds ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hydrogel Network ◽  
Network Observation ◽  
Surface Network ◽  
First Time

Hydrogels are promising materials for several applications, including cell scaffolds and artificial load-bearing substitutes (cartilages, ligaments, tendons, etc.). Direct observation of the nanoscale polymer network of hydrogels is essential in understanding its properties. However, imaging of individual network strands at the molecular level is not achieved yet due to the lack of suitable methods. Herein, for the first time, we developed a novel mineral-staining method and network fixation method for transmission electron microscopy observation to visualize the hydrogel network in its unperturbed conformation with nanometer resolution. Surface network observation indicates that the length of surface dangling chains, which play a major role in friction and wetting, can be estimated from the gel mesh size. Moreover, bulk observations reveals a hierarchical formation mechanism of gel heterogeneity. These observations have the great potential to advance gel science by providing comprehensive perspective that link bulk gel properties with nanoscale.

scholarly journals Opportunity for marine fisheries reform in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Cao ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Shuanglin Dong ◽  
Arthur Hanson ◽  
Bo Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Marine Fisheries ◽  
Marine Resource ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Marine Resource Management

China’s 13th Five-Year Plan, launched in March 2016, provides a sound policy platform for the protection of marine ecosystems and the restoration of capture fisheries within China’s exclusive economic zone. What distinguishes China among many other countries striving for marine fisheries reform is its size—accounting for almost one-fifth of global catch volume—and the unique cultural context of its economic and resource management. In this paper, we trace the history of Chinese government priorities, policies, and outcomes related to marine fisheries since the 1978 Economic Reform, and examine how the current leadership’s agenda for “ecological civilization” could successfully transform marine resource management in the coming years. We show how China, like many other countries, has experienced a decline in the average trophic level of its capture fisheries during the past few decades, and how its policy design, implementation, and enforcement have influenced the status of its wild fish stocks. To reverse the trend in declining fish stocks, the government is introducing a series of new programs for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, with greater traceability and accountability in marine resource management and area controls on coastal development. As impressive as these new plans are on paper, we conclude that serious institutional reforms will be needed to achieve a true paradigm shift in marine fisheries management in China. In particular, we recommend new institutions for science-based fisheries management, secure fishing access, policy consistency across provinces, educational programs for fisheries managers, and increasing public access to scientific data.

Fistulicola plicatus (Cestoda) and Tristoma spp. (Trematoda) on Swordfish from the Northwest Atlantic

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Iles
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Xiphias Gladius ◽  
First Time ◽  
Biological Tags

Data on the incidence, location, and morphology of the scolex of Fistulicola plicatus in 24 specimens of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from the northwest Atlantic are given. The occurrence of normal scolices in tubular sheaths or bladderlike cysts on the outer surface of the rectum is recorded for the first time for this species. The incidence and location on the gills of Tristoma coccineum and T. integrum are given and the possibility of using these monogenetic trematodes as biological tags is discussed. The increase in the number of dorsomarginal rows of comb teeth with body length for immature specimens of T. coccineum is demonstrated.

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