Sensitivity Analysis for Effect of Changes in Input Data on Hydrological Parameters and Water Balance Components in the Catchment Area of Hungarian Lowland

Extreme weather and climate changes are emerging more frequently in Central Europe, Hungary, and in the near future the increase in prolonged droughts, high-intensity precipitation events and the temporal variations of precipitation are expected, which may increase the magnitude of local water damages (OVF, 2016). As a result of climate change, these extreme weather events will be more frequent, however it is difficult to predict them, as until now insufficient amount of observations are available on smaller watercourses and on refined territorial water balances. For the future assessment of the environmental and economic impacts of climate change, it is essential to explore the integrated relationship of evapotranspiration, runoff, infiltration, surface and subsurface waters, and other hydrological processes, which can fundamentally describe regionally the water management conditions. In this research, an earlier study (DHI Hungary 2019) on the catchment area of the main canal of the Dong-ér Brook is pursued to continue the development of the MIKE SHE model in a more complex manner. Within the frame of the present study, the relationship between the individual hydrological parameters, the water balance components and extreme precipitation events (drought, heavy rainfall events) for the entire drainage basin have been examined, besides, the expected effects of the predicted temperature rise on the water balance is evaluated. Using data from 2018 as reference, the sensitivity of the changes in daily precipitation and daily mean temperature has been assessed to estimate the effects of the future climate change on hydrological parameters and water balance components.

Total War System and Youth Culture in East Asia Looking at 20th Century Culture from the Changes of Mobilization Mode

In recent years, the relations between the governments of Japan, China and South Korea have been very tense. The Chinese government often sends military aircraft or warships to the Senkaku Islands (the Diaoyu Islands), and the South Korean government stationed its troops on Takeshima (Dokdo). Their domestic media also reported daily on Japan's right-leaning. An atmosphere of opposition to Japan is slowly brewing in the societies of the two countries. The media in Japan also daily report the "airspace and territorial water violations" of Chinese military aircraft and warships, as well as anti-Japanese trends in China and South Korea. The societies of the three countries are slowly permeating an atmosphere of mutual hatred. It seems that the entire East Asia lies in a vortex of opposition. In a sense, the government’s declaration and media reports, as well as the dissemination of literature and art, are all modes of mobilizing the public. But looking at the current situation in East Asia, the results of the two mobilizations are completely opposite. Behind it are mobilization changes.

Water Erosion, its Relationship to Total Suspended Solids and Water Quality in the Lower Basin of the Usumacinta River, Tabasco, Mexico

Total suspended solids are an indicator of material constituted by sedimentable solids, suspended solids, and colloidal, whose origin is erosion, wastewater discharges, and agricultural waste. The objective of this research was to determine territorial water erosion, its relation with total suspended solids, and the water quality in the lower basin of the Usumacinta River in Tabasco. Three sampling points were established, located in the municipalities of Tenosique, Emiliano Zapata, and Jonuta, in the state of Tabasco. Water samples were collected during 12 monthly sampling campaigns in an annual cycle, and the total suspended solids were determined according to the provisions of the NMX-AA-034-SCFI-2015 standard. Water erosion was calculated based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and with the use of geographic information systems (GIS). The results obtained were statistically analyzed, finding that the measured maximum TSS concentrations are 130.92 mg.L-1 in Boca del Cerro, 165.28 mg.L-1 in Chablé, and 113.91 mg.L-1 in Jonuta which are within the permissible concentrations for protection of freshwater aquatic life and agricultural irrigation according to ecological criteria of water quality (CE-CCA-001/89), in Mexico. The lower basin of the Usumacinta River has areas with extreme erosion (990 tons.ha-1yr-1), with conditions that accelerate the erosion process, such as annual rainfall between 1805 mm and 2250 mm, clay soils located on slopes greater than 16%, and agricultural soils. These events cause loss of the soil fertile layer where agriculture is developed, also giving rise to the accelerated transport of suspended solids; which negatively alter the quality of the water of the Usumacinta River.

Mapping Kuwait bathymetry using passive multispectral remote sensing

Mapping bathymetry is essential for many fields, including science, engineering, and the military, among others. Bathymetry is extremely important in the scientific field because it is linked to many physical and environmental issues such as coastal erosion, sea-level rise, and water quality. Traditionally, conventional methods, such as pre-measured cable passage, were used to estimate depths. Lately, echo-sounder assessments were used on hydrograph ships. This method is effective, but it is very costly in both economic and time terms. Remote sensing technology provides modern methods for mapping bathymetry, such as the use of active and passive remote sensing. Many satellite sensors cover multispectral bands. Some are commercial, such as IKONOS and WorldView, while others are freely available, such as Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2. In this study, Landsat 8 (15 meters spatial resolution) was used to estimate the depths of the waters of Kuwait, an Arabian Gulf country located on the Northwestern side of the gulf. Ground truthing points (GTPs) were used to build a bathymetric model of Kuwaiti territorial water (KTW) using the ratio transform algorithm (RTA) applied on Landsat 8 data. The results showed a good ability of Landsat 8 and RTA to estimate the depths of Kuwait’s waters, where the relationship between the derived model from Landsat 8 and the GTPs was positive (r2 = 0.9634). Meanwhile, the accuracy of the derived bathymetric model was evaluated by computing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE = ± 1.66 meters) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE ± = 1.29).

Recent Context or Recent Conflicts: Bangladesh vs Myanmar Concerning the Matter Related to the Territorial Jurisdiction in the Sea Opened the Door of Sea Foods Production and Mining of Minerals, Gas and Oil

Territorial land and waters in sea is very important for a nation which increase the production of sea foods as fish & sea weeds, mining of mineral & important elements and gas & oil. This territorial water harvours valuable rear minerals reserve, at least 100 trillion cubic feet gas for nearly 100 years & good quantity of oil reserve, and different types of nutritionally rich fishes & sea weeds more than 500 species. Nation should take care about the proper management and justified attributes with honest step for its border territory with other country. Bangladesh Govt. took a brilliant efforts for its own real territorial sea waters with Myanmar through a case with the United Nations (UN) convention to the International Tribunal for the Law Of the Sea in an international court (ITLOS) in Hamburg, Germany against Myanmar on December 14, 2009. The case was trialed for more than two years through many arguments and debts between the learned lawyers of both the countries. Finally Bangladesh won the case on March 14, 2012. It helped the nation for its sea fish and sea weeds production and catch. It was a great success and win for the present Govt. and the Excellency Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina as well as the people of Bangladesh.

WATER POLICY STRATEGY OF UKRAINE: PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The article is devoted to the development of theoretical approaches to the formation and implementation of the strategy of water policy of Ukraine in the context of climate change. As a result of the conducted research, it is proved that because of influence of various external factors there are changes of basic imperatives of functioning of modern systems of management of water resources. The need to consider these changes by improving the strategic documents that define the priorities and principles of national water management policy is substantiated. It is established that one of the main reasons for the lack of water of good quality is its low value compared to other natural resources. This leads to a lack of legal, organizational, and financial and economic grounds for ensuring the payback of water and water-dependent ecosystem services, which is the reason for lack of funds and relevant work to improve and restore environmental and hydro morphological characteristics of reservoirs and repair and modernization of existing hydraulic structures. In this regard, emphasis is placed on the need to improve methods of economic regulation and the development of mechanisms and tools for financial support of sustainable water management. In the context of the above, it is proposed to include in the list of main tasks of the draft Water Strategy of Ukraine two groups of economic levers to increase the financial base of investment support for sustainable water management. The first group is aimed at improving the rent regulation of special use of water resources and provides for raising standards for unauthorized groundwater production, for companies that produce beverages and sell bottled drinking water, as well as limiting various benefits and preferences when paying special water use fees. The second - to change the system of water resources management, the development of institutional and legal support for their use in a globalized market environment, the implementation of modern instruments of financial and economic support for the formation of territorial water resources on a corporate basis.

ORGANIZATION OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE STATE OF ECOSYSTEM ASSETS OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES RELATED TO WATER

The purpose of the article is to substantiate scientific approaches to streamlining methods for assessing the state of ecosystem assets of territorial communities related to water, from the standpoint of sustainable nature management on an ecosystem basis. The modern scientific developments on estimation of cost of ecosystem services connected with water, are resulted in the leading international documents are investigated. The peculiarities of application of the methodological approach of ZEC (general economic value) are revealed, which provides taking into account both the real characteristics of the actual use of ecosystem services related to water and the potential (hidden) characteristics of their non-use. It is determined that the most promising in the process of assessing ecosystem services related to water may be the use of methods such as: "market" prices; normative; cost transfer; benefit transfer, scenario development method, subjective assessments. It is emphasized that these methods can be applied both separately and in certain combinations (combinatorics), due to the need to take into account the specifics of ecosystem services produced by ecosystem assets and the impact of integration processes within the ecosystem interaction of territorial spatial formations. In this context, the possibility of applying the concept of ZEC to assess ecosystem services related to water, on the example of the village of Semenivka Blagodatnensky united territorial community of Pervomaisky district of Mykolayiv region according to the author's methodology and formalized them using several methods. Further research has prospects in the following areas: formation of a comprehensive system approach to streamlining the methods of cost measurement of water-related ecosystem assets; development and introduction of effective methodological approaches to the assessment of ecosystem assets, which are based on the use of combinatorics of possible assessment methods, which are selected in accordance with the characteristics of the local territorial water resource potential.

DAMPAK PENCEMARAN FISHING GROUND TERHADAP PRODUKSI DAN MUTU IKAN YANG TERTANGKAP DI TELUK JAKARTA

Produksi ikan yang tinggi dan mutu yang baik adalah sangat diharapkan oleh pelaku perikanan, termasuk di Teluk Jakarta. Namun hal ini bisa terkendala bila wilayah perairan yang menjadi tempat menangkap ikan (fishing ground) berada dalam status tercemar. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi status pencemaran fishing ground dan kondisi operasi penangkapan ikan, serta menganalisis dampak pencemaran tersebut terhadap jumlah produksi dan mutu ikan yang tertangkap. Metode analisis yang digunakan terdiri dari analisis fisiko-kimia, diagram pareto, dan analisis model.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perairan di sekitar fishing ground Teluk Jakarta tercemar kuat oleh bau, kekeruhan, sampah, dan logam Hg. Operasi penangkapan ikan di Teluk Jakarta umumnya menggunakan kapal < 5 GT, berlangsung 1-2 hari/trip, dengan hasiltangkapan dominan berupa ikan tongkol, layang, dan layur. Pencemaran fishing ground telah secara signifikan menurunkan jumlah produksi ikan di Teluk Jakarta (KP = -0,42, P = 0,00). Penurunan nyata terjadi pada produksi ikan layur (kelompok ikan demersal) dan ikan layang (kelompok ikan pelagis kecil). Mutu ikan yang tertangkap juga turun secara signifikan akibat pencemaran fishing ground (KP = -0,81, P = 0,00). Cacat mutu yang secara nyata meresahkan pelaku perikanan adalah insang kotor dan sisik berlendir. Kata kunci : mutu, fishing ground, Hg, pencemaran, ikan ABSTRACT THE IMPACT OF CONTAMINATION OF FISHING GROUND TO PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FISH CAUGHT IN JAKARTA BAY. High production and quality of fish are very expected by fishery stakeholders, inclusive in Bay Jakarta. But this matter can be burdened if territorial water with becoming fishing ground have contaminated status. The research aims to identify the contaminated status of fishing ground and operating conditions of fishing, and also to analyse the impact of its contamination to production and quality of fish caught. This research methods are physics and chemical analysis, diagram pareto, and model analysis. Research result shows that fishing ground in Bay Jakarta have been contaminated by aroma, turbidity, garbage, and Hg metal. Fishing operations in the Jakarta bay generally boat <5 GT, lasts 1-2 days / trip, with dominant catches form of tuna fish, float fish, and sword fish. The contamination of fishing ground have degraded significantlythe production amount of fish in Jakarta Bay (KP = -0,42, P = 0,00). The real degradationsare in production of sword fish (group of demersal fish) and float fish (group of small pelagic fish). The quality of fish caught also have droped significantly as impact by the contamination of fishing ground (KP = -9,81, P = 0,00). Quality defect freting clearly to fishery stakeholders are dirty gills and muccous of fish scales.

Modern Benthic Foraminiferal Diversity: An Initial Insight into the Total Foraminiferal Diversity along the Kuwait Coastal Water

Kuwait territorial water hosts an important part of national biodiversity (i.e., zooplankton and phytoplankton), but very limited information exists on the overall diversity of benthic foraminifera. On the basis of the integration of publications, reports and theses with new available data from the Kuwait Bay and the northern islands, this study infers the total benthic foraminiferal diversity within Kuwait territorial water. This new literature survey documents the presence of 451 species belonging to 156 genera, 64 families, 31 superfamilies and 9 orders. These values are relatively high in consideration of the limited extension and the shallow depth of the Kuwait territorial water. Kuwait waters offer a variety of different environments and sub-environments (low salinity/muddy areas in the northern part, embayment, rocky tidal flats, coral reef systems, islands and shelf slope) that all together host largely diversified benthic foraminiferal communities. These figures are herein considered as underestimated because of the grouping of unassigned species due to the lack of reference collections and materials, as well as the neglection of the soft-shell monothalamids (‘allogromiids’).