The Interrelation of Biting and Filtering in the Feeding Activity of the Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P. O'Connell
Keyword(s):  
Small Schools ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Northern Anchovy ◽  
Engraulis Mordax ◽  
Total Feeding

A previous study showed that the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) captures Artemia adults (3.7 mm long) by biting and Artemia nauplii (0.65 mm long) by filter feeding. This study shows that the ratio of biting to filtering activity in small schools varies with the relative concentration of Artemia adults and nauplii in the water. Activity was half biting and half filter feeding when Artemia adults were 2% by dry weight of the available biomass, but was entirely biting when Artemia adults exceeded about 7% of the biomass.It is estimated that when feeding activity is half biting and half filtering, Artemia adults and nauplii would contribute equal dry weights to ingestion, and that the sum of the two would be the same as that possible if total activity had been filtering. When relative concentration of Artemia adults is high enough to induce total biting activity, the dry weight ingested per unit time would be double that possible by filtering alone on the nauplii present.Ratios of large-to-small crustaceans are relatively high near the surface at night off southern California, which suggests that biting activity could often exceed 50% of total feeding activity. If the plankton does support a high percentage of biting activity, a large part of the area should usually provide the anchovy with its daily nutritional needs.

Food of Pacific Hake (Merluccius productus) on an Offshore Bank Southwest of Vancouver Island, British Columbia

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1792-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald N. Outram ◽  
C. Haegele
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Merluccius Productus ◽  
Ammodytes Hexapterus ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Northern Anchovy ◽  
Engraulis Mordax ◽  
Offshore Bank

In 1196 adult Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) stomachs from off the British Columbia coast euphausiids occurred in 94%; Pacific sandlance (Ammodytes hexapterus) in 26%; Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasii) and eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) each 5%; and lanternfish, young rockfish, northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and pandalid shrimp each in 3% or less. Fish, particularly herring, were of greater importance in the diet of larger hake. The extent of stomach fullness and the stage of digestion of stomach contents were similar for all sizes of hake taken in daylight tows. The presence of fresh to near-fresh organisms in only 9% of the stomachs, coupled with large numbers (52%) of empty to near-empty stomachs, indicated low feeding activity during daylight hours.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KONSENTRASI MINYAK KEMIRI SUNAN (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) TERHADAP LARVA Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) HAMA PADA TANAMAN SAWI (Brassica juncea L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yenny Muliani ◽  
Erry Mustariani ◽  
Rahmat Wahid Ramdyan
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Hazelnut Oil ◽  
Botanical Pesticide ◽  
Crocidolomia Binotalis ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control

ABSTRAKKemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) dikenal sebagai tumbuhan yang berperan sebagai pestisida nabati yang belum banyak diketahui keampuhannya, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengujian untuk memperoleh informasi tentang keampuhan dari tumbuhan ini. Pengujian efektivitasnya dilakukan terhadap larva Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. penyebab kerusakan pada tanaman sawi. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Vertebrata, Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, berlangsung dari Maret sampai Mei 2019. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan meliputi minyak kemiri sunan dengan konsentrasi 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25% dan kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan minyak kemiri sunan berpengaruh terhadap larva Crocidolomia binotalis. Konsentrasi 10% dapat mengakibatkan mortalitas paling tinggi sebesar 100% pada 7 HSA. Selain toksik, minyak kemiri sunan juga dapat memperpanjang lama perkembangan larva, menghambat aktivitas makan (antifeedant), serta menurunkan berat kering larva dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Minyak kemiri sunan berpotensi sebagai alternatif pengendali hama yang ramah lingkungan karena dapat berperan sebagai pestisida nabatiKata kunci: Kemiri sunan, Crocidolomia binotalis, Pestisida nabatiABSTRACTReutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw is know as a plant that acts as a vegetable pesticide that is not yet widely known for its efficacy, so testing is needed to obtain information about the efficacy of this plant. Effectiveness testing is carried out on Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. larvae causing damage to oil palm plants. The experiment was carried out in the vertebrate laboratory, the deparment of pest and plant diseases, the faculty of agriculture, the university Padjadjaran, taking place from March-May 2019. The experiment used the randomized design complete with 5 treatments and 5 replication. The treatments included oil Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw with a concentration 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25% and control. The result hazelnut oil affected the larva Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. 10% concentration can cause the highest mortality of 100% at 7 HAS. In addition to toxic, hazelnut oil prolong the development of larvae, inhibit feeding activity, and reduce the dry weight of larvae compared to controls. Hazelnut oil has potential as an alternative as an a alternative pest control that is environmentally friendly because it can act as a botanical pesticide.Keywords : Reutealis trisperma, Crocidolomia binotalis, Botanical pesticide

scholarly journals The distribution of phospholipase D in developing and mature plants

1969 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Quarles ◽  
R. M. C. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase D ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Central Stalk ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Germination And Growth

1. The distribution of phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphatido-hydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4) was examined in the tissues of a number of plants and seeds. 2. The highest activities were found in various swollen storage tissues of certain plants: cabbage, central stalk; cauliflower, flower; celery, swollen leaf stalk; Kohl rabi, swollen stem; carrot, root; pea and marrow, seed. 3. Appreciable activity was retained in pea seeds for at least 1 year after drying. After germination and growth in the dark the total activity present in the cotyledons and also in the whole seedling decreased. 4. In the growing pea seedling (7 days old), about 3% of the total activity was in the plumule, 9% in the root and the remainder in the cotyledons. However, the activity in the root on a dry-weight basis was higher than that in the cotyledons. In both the root and the plumule the activity on a wet- or a dry-weight basis was highest in the growing tip. 5. The activity per dry weight in the roots and aerial parts of pea plants declined to low values as growth continued, but roots struck from cuttings of mature plants showed the same high activity as found in roots from young seedlings with cotyledons attached. 6. The total phospholipids present in the cotyledons of pea seeds were depleted on germination and growth. Of the individual phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine showed the same loss in 11 days as the whole phospholipid fraction, whereas phosphatidylinositol was decreased to a greater extent and cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine were not decreased. There was no increase of phosphatidic acid, as might have been expected if the phospholipids had disappeared through phospholipase D hydrolysis. 7. It is concluded that phospholipase D in plant storage tissues and seeds may be related to the rapid growth involved in their formation rather than being necessary for the utilization of their food reserve substances.

scholarly journals Behavioural Responses of the Colonial Sea Squirt Botrylloides violaceus Oka to Suspended Food Micro-Particles in Laboratory Cultures

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Chiara Gregorin ◽  
Luigi Musco ◽  
Emanuele Somma ◽  
Valerio Zupo
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Micro Particles ◽  
Sea Squirt

Violet sea squirts are noteworthy model organisms, because they provide insights into various physiologic processes, including cell senescence, ageing, apoptosis and allorecognition. Consequently, their culture is critical to permit experimental studies. Most papers refer to short periods of rearing using various feeds, both living and conserved, missing a formal justification for their use or indications of their actual nutritional value. Here, we use two behavioural responses—the percentage of open siphons and the frequency of zooid contractions—as compared to the abundance of suspended microparticles during feeding tests, to identify feeds able to promote filter-feeding. The results will enable to formulate compound diets that maximise positive physiological responses. Our tests demonstrated that plant items, such as dry microalgae and cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis, commercially known as Spirulina), along with living planktonic Haptophyta (Isochrysis galbana), trigger clear positive reactions, represented by a higher frequency of zooid contractions and larger proportions of open siphons. These responses correspond to decreases in the concentrations of suspended microparticles during the experiment and indicate higher filter-feeding activity. In contrast, feeds commonly administered to colonies, such as milk powder, dried eggs and artificial plankton, triggered negative behavioural responses, and their intake was lower during the feeding trials.

scholarly journals Behavioral and cortisol responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
Suhyup Lee ◽  
Mike C Keyes ◽  
Jim Cairns ◽  
Samuel K Baidoo
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Abstract The study focused on behavioral and cortisol responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric intake. Twenty-four sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 216.70 ± 3.98 kg; parity 3.04 ± 0.53] were balanced for parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding frequency regimes. Sows were fed corn–soybean meal-based diet 1× [0730 (Control), T1], 2× [half ration at 0730 and 1530 hours, T2], or 3× [one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 hours, T3] from days 30 to 60 of gestation. Sows received 7055 kcal ME/d during gestation from 2.21 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. Saliva samples were collected every 2 hr from 0630 to 1830 hours on day 52 and assayed for cortisol using ELISA procedure. Behavior data were collected for 7 d from day 53 of gestation by affixing a remote insights ear tag to each sow. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: “Active”, “Feed,” or “Dormant”. Because of housing constraint, all sows were housed in individual stalls in the same room presenting a potential limitation of the study. The data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 for cortisol and behavior count data, respectively. Sow was the experimental unit. The area under the curve (AUC) is quantitative evaluation of response as threshold varies over all possible values. The T2 sows had reduced 12-hr cortisol AUC compared with control sows (P = 0.024) and T3 sows (P = 0.004), respectively. The T2 sows had lower 3 hr (P = 0.039) and 5 hr (P = 0.015) postfeeding cortisol AUC compared with control sows. Feed anticipatory activity (FAA), 24-hr total activity, and feeding activities (eating and/or sham chewing) were reduced for T2 sows relative to the control and T3 sows (P < 0.01). Consequently, T2 sows had lower 24-hr total activity (P < 0.001) and feeding activities (P < 0.001) AUC compared with both the control and T3 sows, respectively. The T3 sows had greater FAA (P < 0.001) and 24-hr total activity AUC (P = 0.010) compared with control sows. Our data although inconclusive due to small sample size, twice daily feeding appears to be the threshold that reduces sows’ total activity AUC, feeding activity AUC, and activation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, reduced hunger, and exhibit potential to improve sow welfare in relation to once and thrice daily feeding regimes under isocaloric intake per kilogram live metabolic weight.

Contribution of Early Life Stages to Interannual Variability in Recruitment of Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Michael J. Bradford ◽  
Nancy C. H. Lo ◽  
Richard D. Methot
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Northern Anchovy ◽  
Engraulis Mordax ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

We tested Hjort's and Lasker's hypotheses that the abundance of recruits in fishes is determined at an early life stage. Using 13 yr of data on components of population dynamics of the well-studied northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), we reconstructed the abundance of anchovy in each year at three stages: eggs, 4.5-d-old yolk-sac larvae, and 19-d-old larvae. No abundance measure was significantly correlated with age 1 recruits, resulting in rejection of Hjort's and Lasker's hypotheses. We give reasons why the low correlations are not an artifact of estimation error. The lack of correlation exists because of the large variability (CV = 171%) in survival rate between age 19 d and age 1 yr. Therefore, attempts to understand interannual variability in recruitment in this, and perhaps other, marine fish species may have to rely not only on data on eggs and larvae, but especially on data on abundances estimated after 20 d, closer to the age at recruitment.

Indices of Relative Abundance from Fish Spotter Data based on Delta-Lognornial Models

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2515-2526 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Chyan-huei Lo ◽  
Larry D. Jacobson ◽  
James L. Squire
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Mixed Layer Depth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Data Simulation ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Northern Anchovy ◽  
Engraulis Mordax

Fish spotters are pilots in small aircraft employed by commercial fishermen to locate, identify, estimate the size of, and direct boats toward pelagic fish schools. Data describing species, location, and size of schools can be inexpensively obtained from fish spotters but are difficult to interpret statistically. We developed an index of relative abundance from fish spotter data based on extended delta-lognormal models and applied the method to data for northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). In contrast with previous approaches, our method used all available data, provided an index for northern anchovy that was proportional to abundance, and explicitly modeled factors (pilots, regions, seasons, and time of day) that affected observations by fish spotters. We also included information about mixed layer depth and sea surface temperature in models for a reduced study area and found that environmental data, where available, can be used to improve estimates of relative abundance from fish spotter data. Simulation results indicated that our approach is a cost-effective way to improve biomass estimates for pelagic species like northern anchovy.

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