Evolution of the Chondrophora: Evidence from Behavioural Studies on Velella

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1595-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gordon Fields ◽  
G. O. Mackie
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Individual

The chondrophore Velella shows concert behaviour closely resembling and presumably homologous to that described for Porpita, Pelagohydra, and for the sessile tubularian hydroids Tubularia and Corymorpha. The movements consist of orally directed tentacular flexions, accompanied by retraction of the blastostyles, along with muscular contractions in the mantle and in the crest surmounting the sail. Concerts may consist of single contractions or sequences of contractions, the latter sometimes summing to produce a sustained declination of the tentacles or contraction in the other parts. Concerts are repeated periodically at intervals of between 1 and 3 min.Electrical potentials (concert pulses) are recorded from all parts of the body surface at each concert contraction. The potentials are through-conducted at 30–35 cm/sec in parts of the aboral surface. Feeding changes the concert pattern, introducing a type of event called a feeding pulse. Peristalsis in the proboscis, as in Tubularia, is exhibited without electrical concomitants.The observations support the view of Velella as a large individual hydroid in no way comparable to a siphonophore. It is regarded as a floating tubularian hydranth with inverted stem. Velella and Porpita (family Velellidae) are assigned to the superfamily Tubularoidea. The freshwater hydra shows a type of behaviour resembling modified tubularian concerts, and its possible affinity with the tubularoid group is discussed.

scholarly journals A redescription of deep-channel ghost knifefish, Sternarchogiton preto (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), with assignment to a new genus

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell J. Bernt ◽  
Aaron H. Fronk ◽  
Kory M. Evans ◽  
James S. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Deep Channel ◽  
Secondary Sexual Dimorphism

ABSTRACT From a study of morphological and molecular datasets we determine that a species originally described as Sternarchogiton preto does not form a monophyletic group with the other valid species of Sternarchogiton including the type species, S. nattereri. Previously-published phylogenetic analyses indicate that this species is sister to a diverse clade comprised of six described apteronotid genera. We therefore place it into a new genus diagnosed by the presence of three cranial fontanels, first and second infraorbital bones independent (not fused), the absence of an ascending process on the endopterygoid, and dark brown to black pigments over the body surface and fins membranes. We additionally provide a redescription of this enigmatic species with an emphasis on its osteology, and provide the first documentation of secondary sexual dimorphism in this species.

scholarly journals A Study of the Oxygen Consumption of Five Species of Leech

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-626
Author(s):  
K. H. MANN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Low Concentrations

1. The oxygen consumption of five species of leech has been investigated and considered in relation to their ecology. 2. Glossiphonia complanata and Erpobdella octoculata which are most common in, but not confined to, hard and soft water streams respectively, have their oxygen consumption dependent on the concentration of dissolved oxygen, at least in spring and summer. Their oxygen uptake is not affected by acclimatization overnight to a low level of oxygen, but the uptake of Glossiphonia at the higher oxygen concentrations is depressed in winter. 3. Erpobdella testacea has an oxygen consumption which is independent of the oxygen concentration between 6.0 and 3.0 ml./l., provided that the leeches have been acclimatized overnight to the oxygen concentration at which their uptake is measured. Ventilation of the body surface by dorso-ventral undulations appears to be an important factor in the maintenance of a high rate of oxygen uptake at low concentrations. This species is found in reed swamps. 4. Helobdella stagnalis, which is most abundant in stagnant eutrophic lakes, maintains a level of oxygen consumption which is independent of the oxygen concentration between 2.0 and 4.0 ml./l., even without previous acclimatization. 5. Piscicola geometra, which is virtually absent from stagnant water, has a higher rate of oxygen uptake than any of the other species under conditions of air-saturation, and its rate is strictly dependent on the concentration of oxygen in the water.

Clinical features of incontinentia pigmenti with emphasis on dermatoglyphic findings

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilknur Tanboga ◽  
Betul Kargul ◽  
Semra Ergeneli ◽  
M.Yalcin Aydin ◽  
Metin Atasu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Incontinentia Pigmenti ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Female Case

Incontinentia pigmenti is a syndrome characterized by both systemic and oral manifestations. Presented here are the dental, clinical, radiological, genetic and dermatoglyphic findings of a 6 year old female case and her family members. The following features were apparent: oligodontia in maxillary and mandibular arches in both dentition, peg-shaped incisors and brown lessions on the body surface. No other problems were observed. The case had remarkable dermatoglyphic findings such as hypothenar loops associated with distally displaced axial triradii on both palms, reduced total finger and summed palmar a-b ridge-counts, decreasing plantar pattern intensity on the left sole. The other family members had similar dermatoglyphic characteristics. The paternal grand father, the father and the brother had eye defects.

The Role of Computer Modeling in Electrocardiography

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Conductor ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Cardiac Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Models

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

High Heels sebagai Agensi bagi Tubuh Wanita

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Sunandar Macpal ◽  
Fathianabilla Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Heels ◽  
Experience Pain ◽  
Woman's Body

The aims of this paper is to explain the use of high heels as an agency for a woman's body. Agency context refers to pain in the body but pain is perceived as something positive. In this paper, the method used is a literature review by reviewing writings related to the use of high heels. The findings in this paper that women experience body image disturbance or anxiety because they feel themselves are not beautiful or not attractive. The use of high heels, makes women more attractive and more confident, on the other hand the use of high heels actually makes women feel pain and discomfort. However, for the achievement of beauty standards, women voluntarily allow their bodies to experience pain. However, the agency's willingness to beauty standards here is meaningless without filtering and directly accepted. Instead women keep negotiating with themselves so as to make a decision why use high heels.

EXPRESSION OF SOME IMMUNOLOGIC MARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SUSPECTED LYMPHOID LESIONS OF LYMPHOMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Mao Nguyen Van ◽  
Thao Le Thi Thu
Keyword(s):  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunologic Markers ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Poor Differentiation ◽  
Benign Tumours

Background: In practice it was difficult or impossible to have a correct diagnosis for the lymphoid proliferation lesions based on only H.E standard histopathology. In addition to histopathology, the application of immunohistochemistry was indispensable for the definitive diagnosis of the malignant or benign tumours and the origin of the tumour cells as well. Objectives: 1. To describe the gross and microscopic features of the suspected lesions of lymphoma; 2. To asses the expression of some immunologic markers for the diagnosis and classification of the suspected lesions of lymphoma. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional research on 81 patients diagnosed by histopathology as lymphomas or suspected lesions of lymphoma, following with immunohistopathology staining of 6 main markers including LCA, CD3, CD20, Bcl2, CD30 and AE1/3. Results: The most site was lymph node 58.1% which appeared at cervical region 72.3%, then the stomach 14.9% and small intestine 12.4%. The other sites in the body were met with lower frequency. Histopathologically, the most type of the lesions was atypical hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue suspecting the lymphomas 49.4%, lymphomas 34.5%, the other diagnoses were lower including inflammation, poor differentiation carcinoam not excluding the lymphomas, lymphomas differentiating with poor differentiation carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry showed that, LCA, CD3, CD20, Bcl2, CD30 and AE1/3 were all positive depending on such type of tumours. The real lymphomas were 48/81 cases (59.3%), benign ones 35.8% and poor differentiated carcinomas 4.9%. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry with 6 markers could help to diagnose correctly as benign or malignant lesions, classify and determine the origin of the tumour cells as lymphocytes or epithelial cells diagnosed by histopathology as lymphomas or suspected lesions of lymphomas. Key words: histopathology, immunohistochemistry, lymphomas, poor differentiated carcinomas, hyperplasia, atypicality

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

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