Role of Social Behavior in Dispersal of Introduced Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1019-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Jenkins Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Density Regulation ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Large Groups

Hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) planted under partially controlled conditions in an observation stream failed to show social density regulation or socially induced dispersal. Aggression frequency was only an imprecise function of density, and density may not have been influenced by aggression at all. Dispersal following planting was extensive, but it apparently resulted from individual differences in response to the habitat. Group behavior (schooling) affected dispersal radically in some instances, when fish in large groups undertook movements they would not have undertaken alone or in small groups.

Terrorism Manifestations

2014 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. White
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Unconventional Warfare ◽  
International Alliances ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
The Media ◽  
Large Groups

This chapter examines the tactical aspects of terrorism. It begins by focusing on the nature of war and conflict in the 21st century, suggesting that technology, economic structures, and communication have changed the way war is waged. It argues that small groups of aggrieved people may conduct campaigns of unconventional warfare against individual nations or international alliances. Although such violence is manifested in many ways, it is typically labeled as “terrorism.” The chapter also demonstrates how large groups and nation states may participate in terrorist activities by either using terrorist tactics or supporting terrorist groups. The next part of the chapter focuses on the specific actions that constitute the tactics of terrorism, examining tactical innovations within various campaigns. The chapter concludes with an analysis of tactical force multipliers, and it introduces the role of the media within this context.

The role of sample depth in storing chilled rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) semen under oxygen

Aquaculture ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stoss ◽  
L. Geries ◽  
W. Holtz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sample Depth

Terrorism Manifestations

2016 ◽  
pp. 425-440
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. White
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Unconventional Warfare ◽  
International Alliances ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
The Media ◽  
Large Groups

This chapter examines the tactical aspects of terrorism. It begins by focusing on the nature of war and conflict in the 21st century, suggesting that technology, economic structures, and communication have changed the way war is waged. It argues that small groups of aggrieved people may conduct campaigns of unconventional warfare against individual nations or international alliances. Although such violence is manifested in many ways, it is typically labeled as “terrorism.” The chapter also demonstrates how large groups and nation states may participate in terrorist activities by either using terrorist tactics or supporting terrorist groups. The next part of the chapter focuses on the specific actions that constitute the tactics of terrorism, examining tactical innovations within various campaigns. The chapter concludes with an analysis of tactical force multipliers, and it introduces the role of the media within this context.

Individual Differences in Responses of Untrained Observers to Stroboscopic Apparent Motion

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Finlay ◽  
Mark L Manning ◽  
Barney Fenelon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Intersubject Variability ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Large Groups

Two large groups of inexperienced subjects ( n = 208 and n = 50) and a small group of experienced subjects ( n = 5) were tested using time-till-breakdown as a measure of long-range apparent motion across a range of temporal frequencies. One group of inexperienced subjects was retested after one week and demonstrated quite stable patterns of response. Large intersubject variability was observed in terms of the amount of motion seen, with most inexperienced subjects reporting very little apparent motion. A raster display produced a peak frequency 1 Hz higher than a standard tachistoscope display. The role of experience was also examined with a small group of inexperienced subjects ( n = 8) tested once daily over five consecutive days. There was high intersubject variability and intrasubject consistency, demonstrating little influence of learning and experience. The results are discussed in terms of current ideas on the breakdown effect.

Role of gravel substrate on ova survival and alevin emergence of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry D. Witzel ◽  
Hugh R. MacCrimmon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Void Space ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Percent Survival ◽  
Gravel Size ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Developmental Condition

The role of gravel size of unigranular diameters 2, 4, 8, 16, and 26.5 mm on ova survival and subsequent emergence of rainbow trout alevins is examined using a vertical-flow incubation apparatus. Survival to emergence, time of emergence, and alevin condition at emergence were signficantly influenced [Formula: see text] by gravel size. Mean percent survival to emergence increased with gravel size from a minimum of 1% in the 2-mm gravel to a maximum of 76% in the 26.5-mm gravel. Survival of control ova from gravel-free incubator was 88% to swim-up stage. Differences in percent survival were most significant within the 2 to 8 mm range. Poor survival of trout alevins in the finer gravels (2–4 mm) was the result of insufficient void space (entrapment). Days to first (43–58 days after ova burial) and 50% emergence (49–62 days after ova burial) also increased with gravel size. At a mean incubation temperature of 10.6 °C, the total emergence days was greatest (40 days) from the 8-mm gravel and occurred prematurely on day 37 after ova burial in 2-mm gravel. Alevin length and weight varied directly with gravel size, ranging from 2.17 to 2.39 cm and 11.9 to 126.8 mg, respectively. Larger alevins, which emerged later from coarser gravels had the least yolk reserve [Formula: see text] and the lowest KD values [Formula: see text], where KD is a developmental condition factor calculated from the ratio of wet weight to standard length. Premature emergence of free embryos and shortening of the alevin îmergence period in 2.0-mm gravel is identified as a stress response.

Some Chemical Signals in the Spawning Behavior of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 995-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Newcombe ◽  
G. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Spawning Behavior ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

In a two-choice maze ripe rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of both sexes showed positive responses to chemical (probably olfactory) information. The possibility that visual or auditory stimuli influenced choice of channel in the maze was ruled out. Both males and females were strongly attracted to water taken from behind fish that were spawning and weakly attracted to the holding water of ripe fish that were not spawning. Brief speculation is offered about the role of chemical stimuli in the behavior of prespawning and spawning trout.

Pleiotropic effects of a regulatory gene (Pgm-1-t) on the social behavior of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2847-2851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira M. Ferguson ◽  
Roy G. Danzmann
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Primary Determinant

We compared the social behavior of juvenile rainbow trout with a regulatory allele, Pgm-1-t(b), to their full-sibs without this allele. Other studies have shown that this gene has many pleiotropic effects in the Arlee strain, the most obvious being an increase in developmental rate at about the time of hatching. The frequencies of two agonistic action patterns, charge and lateral display, and two nonagonistic measures, yawn and forage, were used to describe early social behavior. Pgm-1-t(b) was associated with significantly higher frequencies of charge and larger size in fish from the Arlee strain. However, fish from the DeSmet strain with Pgm-1-t(b) were no more aggressive or longer than their full-sibs lacking this allele. Length was the primary determinant of dominance status in both strains, regardless of Pgm-1-t genotype. In both strains, there was no significant difference between genotypes in the frequency of lateral display and forage. Our results show that genetic differences at a single locus can have pleiotropic effects on behavior with potential adaptive significance.

Role of Rearing Experience in Gravel Substrate Selection by Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh R. MacCrimmon ◽  
Christopher M. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Substrate Selection ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Laboratory studies on hatchery-reared wild juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in an experimental raceway show no significant selection (P < 0.05) of test gravel substrates under either nonflowing or flowing (0.03 m/s) conditions regardless of rearing experience. There is no statistical evidence that hatchery conditioning of rainbow trout for gravel substrate selection is likely to be a feasible undertaking.

scholarly journals Developing individual differences in primate behavior: The role of genes, environment and their interplay

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Julian von Borell ◽  
Alexander Weiss ◽  
Lars Penke
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Behavior Genetics ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Behavioral Stability

As is the case for humans, it has long been thought that nonhuman primates can be described in terms of their personality. Scientific observations that support this view include the presence of individual differences in social behavior and that they are relatively stable throughout life. Consequently, individuals are constrained in their behavioral flexibility when dealing with various environmental challenges. Still, the variation among individuals during development suggests that the environment influences how primates behave. Research in fields including psychology, behavior genetics, and behavioral ecology have tried to identify the mechanisms responsible for this interplay of behavioral stability and change. In this review we integrate theories and findings from research on humans and nonhuman primates that highlight how and to what extent genetic and environmental contributions shape the development of social behavior. To do so we first provide an overview and define what is meant by mean level and rank-order change of behavior. We then review explanations of behavioral stability and change, focusing on the role of genetic effects, how environmental circumstances influence behavioral variation throughout development, and how genetic and environmental influences may interact to produce this variation. Finally, we point to future research directions that could help us to further understand the development of social behavior in primates from within a behavior genetics framework.

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