Individual Differences in Responses of Untrained Observers to Stroboscopic Apparent Motion

David C Finlay; Mark L Manning; Barney Fenelon

doi:10.1068/p160573

Individual Differences in Responses of Untrained Observers to Stroboscopic Apparent Motion

Perception ◽

10.1068/p160573 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 573-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David C Finlay ◽

Mark L Manning ◽

Barney Fenelon

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Small Group ◽

Long Range ◽

Apparent Motion ◽

Peak Frequency ◽

Intersubject Variability ◽

Once Daily ◽

Large Groups

Two large groups of inexperienced subjects ( n = 208 and n = 50) and a small group of experienced subjects ( n = 5) were tested using time-till-breakdown as a measure of long-range apparent motion across a range of temporal frequencies. One group of inexperienced subjects was retested after one week and demonstrated quite stable patterns of response. Large intersubject variability was observed in terms of the amount of motion seen, with most inexperienced subjects reporting very little apparent motion. A raster display produced a peak frequency 1 Hz higher than a standard tachistoscope display. The role of experience was also examined with a small group of inexperienced subjects ( n = 8) tested once daily over five consecutive days. There was high intersubject variability and intrasubject consistency, demonstrating little influence of learning and experience. The results are discussed in terms of current ideas on the breakdown effect.

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Why Some Apes Imitate and/or Emulate Observed Behavior and Others Do Not: Fact, Theory, and Implications for Our Kind

Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology ◽

10.1891/194589508787382006 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 101-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Duane M. Rumbaugh ◽

David A. Washburn ◽

James E. King ◽

M. J. Beran ◽

K. K. Gould ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Small Group ◽

Cognitive Skill ◽

Observed Behavior ◽

Early Rearing

We suggest that it is a disservice to psychology and to our understanding of the minds of chimpanzees (as well as other species) to hold any one individual or small group of individuals responsible as representatives for the entire species. This is especially nonproductive in the case of reports of negative performance in various tests of cognitive skill. We focus on the issue of why some chimpanzees may imitate whereas others do not. We focus also on the role of early rearing and individual differences that emerge from such rearing. Accounting for these differences and what may have caused them is crucial in truly understanding the chimpanzee mind.

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Role of Social Behavior in Dispersal of Introduced Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f71-148 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 1019-1027 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Thomas M. Jenkins Jr.

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Social Behavior ◽

Small Groups ◽

Group Behavior ◽

Salmo Gairdneri ◽

Density Regulation ◽

Controlled Conditions ◽

Large Groups

Hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) planted under partially controlled conditions in an observation stream failed to show social density regulation or socially induced dispersal. Aggression frequency was only an imprecise function of density, and density may not have been influenced by aggression at all. Dispersal following planting was extensive, but it apparently resulted from individual differences in response to the habitat. Group behavior (schooling) affected dispersal radically in some instances, when fish in large groups undertook movements they would not have undertaken alone or in small groups.

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Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin Arceneaux

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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Two Short Tests Fail to Detect Vigilance Decrements

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.17.1.48 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 48-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Juan Botella ◽

María José Contreras ◽

Pei-Chun Shih ◽

Víctor Rubio

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

High Performance ◽

Selection Process ◽

Vigilance Task ◽

Air Traffic Controllers ◽

Job Selection ◽

Performance Deterioration ◽

Short Test ◽

Psychological Dimensions

Summary: Deterioration in performance associated with decreased ability to sustain attention may be found in long and tedious task sessions. The necessity for assessing a number of psychological dimensions in a single session often demands “short” tests capable of assessing individual differences in abilities such as vigilance and maintenance of high performance levels. In the present paper two tasks were selected as candidates for playing this role, the Abbreviated Vigilance Task (AVT) by Temple, Warm, Dember, LaGrange and Matthews (1996) and the Continuous Attention Test (CAT) by Tiplady (1992) . However, when applied to a sample of 829 candidates in a job-selection process for air-traffic controllers, neither of them showed discriminative capacity. In a second study, an extended version of the CAT was applied to a similar sample of 667 subjects, but also proved incapable of properly detecting individual differences. In short, at least in a selection context such as that studied here, neither of the tasks appeared appropriate for playing the role of a “short” test for discriminating individual differences in performance deterioration in sustained attention.

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Individual Differences in the Name Similarity Effect

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000133 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 111-118

Author(s):

Daniel J. Howard ◽

Roger A. Kerin

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Impression Management ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Purchase Intentions ◽

Brand Attitude ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Similarity Effect ◽

And Behavior ◽

Usage Context

The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual differences exist in susceptibility to those effects. This research reports the results of two experiments that examine the role of self-monitoring in moderating name similarity effects. In the first experiment, name similarity effects on brand attitude and purchase intentions were found to be stronger for respondents high, rather than low, in self-monitoring. In the second experiment, the interactive effect observed in the first study was found to be especially true in a public (vs. private) usage context. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations of name similarity effects as an expression of egotism manifested in the image and impression management concerns of high self-monitors.

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The Role of Distress Disclosure Tendencies in the Experience and Expression of Laboratory-Induced Sadness

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000222 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 55-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeffrey H. Kahn ◽

Daniel W. Cox ◽

A. Myfanwy Bakker ◽

Julia I. O’Loughlin ◽

Agnieszka M. Kotlarczyk

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Subjective Experience ◽

Negative Emotion ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Emotion Words ◽

Distress Disclosure ◽

Computerized Text Analysis

Abstract. The benefits of talking with others about unpleasant emotions have been thoroughly investigated, but individual differences in distress disclosure tendencies have not been adequately integrated within theoretical models of emotion. The purpose of this laboratory research was to determine whether distress disclosure tendencies stem from differences in emotional reactivity or differences in emotion regulation. After completing measures of distress disclosure tendencies, social desirability, and positive and negative affect, 84 participants (74% women) were video recorded while viewing a sadness-inducing film clip. Participants completed post-film measures of affect and were then interviewed about their reactions to the film; these interviews were audio recorded for later coding and computerized text analysis. Distress disclosure tendencies were not predictive of the subjective experience of emotion, but they were positively related to facial expressions of sadness and happiness. Distress disclosure tendencies also predicted judges’ ratings of the verbal disclosure of emotion during the interview, but self-reported disclosure and use of positive and negative emotion words were not associated with distress disclosure tendencies. The authors present implications of this research for integrating individual differences in distress disclosure with models of emotion.

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Within-Subject Variability in Ingratiation as a Function of Self-Esteem and Time

Journal of Personnel Psychology ◽

10.1027/1866-5888/a000237 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 216-226

Author(s):

Katharina Schmitte ◽

Bert Schreurs ◽

Mien Segers ◽

I. M. “Jim” Jawahar

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Small Group ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Random Coefficient ◽

Person Perspective ◽

Authority Figure ◽

Subject Variability ◽

Over Time ◽

Within Subject Variability

Abstract. Adopting a within-person perspective, we theorize why ingratiation use directed toward an authority figure increases over time and for whom. We posit that as the appraisal event draws closer, the salience of achieving good evaluations increases, leading to an increasing use of ingratiation. We further propose that the increase will be stronger for individuals with low relative to high self-esteem. Participants were 349 students enrolled in a small-group, tutor-led management course. Data were collected in three bi-weekly waves and analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Results show that ingratiation use increased as time to the evaluation decreased, and low self-esteem students ingratiated more as time progressed. We conclude that ingratiation use varies as a function of contextual and inter-individual differences.

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