Annual Growth Cycle, Growth Potential, and Growth Compensation in the Bluegill Sunfish in Northern Indiana Lakes

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1923-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby D. Gerking
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Bluegill Sunfish ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Growth Compensation ◽  
Annulus Formation

Eight lake populations of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) with widely varying growth rates exhibited a surge of growth in the spring followed by a progressively declining growth rate in late summer and autumn. The growth rate declined as age increased; in no case did the growth of an older age group exceed that of a younger age group in the same year. Increase in length was estimated from marginal growth of scales collected at various times throughout 1962 and 1963.The beginning of the growing season, assumed to correspond in time with the formation of the annulus, was estimated to average April 8 in 1962 and April 26 in 1963. The time of annulus formation was observed in one lake by collecting scales when the mark was appearing, and in the others it was estimated by extrapolation of a regression between marginal scale growth and time. The end of the growing season, or the time when 90% of annual growth had been achieved, came on September 10 in 1962 and on September 27 in 1963. The length of the growing season varied among the lakes and between years in the same lake. The range was from 98 to 189 days with an average of 152 days. In one lake the season was a month longer in 1963 than in 1962, but this difference was not evident in the others.The annual rate of growth and the length of the growing season were related. Populations with a rapid growth rate had a longer growing season than those with a slow growth rate. A long season was typified by a somewhat earlier time of annulus formation than a short one and by a considerably longer period of growth in the late summer and autumn.All populations had the same growth potential as judged by weight increment of group III fish during the first month of the season. The first month's increments were 12.6, 12.9, and 13.9 g for populations with rapid, intermediate, and slow annual growth rates respectively. The population with the shortest growing season and the lowest annual growth had the greatest increment during the first month.The strong relationship between size and the time of annulus formation suggested a possible mechanism of growth compensation. Since the smaller fish of a year class begin to grow earlier than do their larger companions, growth compensation may result from the advantage in time gained by the smaller group, assuming that the growing seasons of it and the faster growing members of the cohort end at the same time. Most of the mechanisms offered heretofore have depended upon a difference in the time of hatching between two groups of fish.Consideration is given to an explanation of the annual growth cycle in terms of temperature, photoperiod, and the possible influence of growth hormone at different times of the year.

Shoot morphology and growth pattern in seedlings of Pinusbrutia provenances

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Calamassi ◽  
Mauro Falusi ◽  
Laura Mugnai
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Total Growth

The process of primary growth in 2-year-old seedlings of six Pinusbrutia Ten. provenances is described. At the end of the first growing season, two types of shoot morphology were observed: type 1, a terminal winter bud, and type 2, a terminal rosette of primary needles protecting the meristematic apex. During the 2nd year the seedlings exhibited a succession of shoots (varying in number from one to five), each of which was due to the elongation of a new apical bud. Morphological observations along with an anatomical examination of the winter bud led to the conclusion that the growth pattern in juvenile P. brutia is monocyclic with a variable number of summer shoots (using the terminology proposed by Lanner (Lanner, R.M. 1976. In Tree physiology and yield improvement. Editedby M.G.R. Cannell and F.T. Last. Academic Press, London, pp. 223-243)). The provenances studied differed both in growth potential and in seasonal growth pattern (differences in number of shoots, ratio of spring shoot to total growth, growth rate). Two groups could be identified: (i) the provenances of the island of Crete, which had a low growth potential and short growing season, and (ii) the high-altitude provenances of inland Turkey, with high growth potential and a growth rate that peaked in summer.

Spatial Distribution and Growth Potential of Economically Important Rattan Species in Cameroon Seen Through the Lens of Indigenous Populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnabas Neba Nfornkah ◽  
Enongene Kevin ◽  
Kaam Rene ◽  
Chimi Cedric Djomo ◽  
Gadinga Walter Forje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
The Sustainable Development

Abstract Background: Rattan is an important Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) with huge potentials to boost socio-economic development in indigenous communities of Cameroon in particular and the entire country in general. Exploitation is from the wild, with no implication of stakeholders in renewing the resource, thus leading to resources scarcity. Insufficient knowledge on rattan’s growth potentials in Cameroon jeopardize resource regeneration and renewal. It was in this context that this study was initiated to (i) determine economically important rattan species distribution; (ii) identify their habitats and conservation status; (iii) examine harvester’s perceptions/observations on annual growth rate and age to maturity. Results: It was found that Eremospatha macrocarpa exist in all AEZs, Calamus deerratus was found in AEZ 2 & 5, Laccosperma Secundiflorum, L. Robustum, was found in AEZ 3, 4 and 5 and Eremospatha wendlandiana was found only in AEZ4. They grow in diverse habitat/environments with some habitats/environments specifically suitable for some rattan species. The current conservation status of commercial rattan species identified shows Least Concern (LC); but resource scarcity in high. Most harvesters observed that rattan takes either 2 – 3 years (51%) or 4 – 5 years (35%) to attain maturity. The harvesters’ observation on annual growth rate of economic rattan species varied in relation to the species and AEZs, nevertheless, globally 25% and 23% of the respondents observed a growth rate of 2-3 m and 3-4 m respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test shows a significant variation in harvesters’ perception in the different AEZs for all growth and maturity parameters of different rattan species (p<0.05) except for the number of years it takes for rattan to attain maturity (p>0.05)”.Conclusions: All five economically important rattan species are highly distributed in the Southern zone of Cameroon. The availability of E. macrocarpa in all zones indicates its great adaption. Renewing (plantations) rattan resource implies appropriate planting in the Southern and Coastal regions of Cameroon, since the all the species inhabit and grow rapidly. This is important to policymakers and development planners for policy reformulation towards the sustainable development of rattan in Cameroon.

Ageing Saudi Population in the Facebook Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Aged Population ◽  
Facebook Usage

<p>Data pertaining to 1974, 1992, 2004 and 2010 Censuses in Saudi Arabia was collected. Some reviews and literature on population ageing in Saudi Arabia as well as Facebook usage obtained. Statistics pertaining to Saudi population was utilized.</p> <p>Aged population in 2010 estimated by assuming the annual growth rate of 1974-2004.</p>

scholarly journals Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of arterial stiffness: a cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouling Wu ◽  
Luli Xu ◽  
Mingyang Wu ◽  
Shuohua Chen ◽  
Youjie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tyg Index ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Background Triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate marker of insulin resistance, has been reported to be associated with arterial stiffness. However, previous studies were limited by the cross-sectional design. The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal association between TyG index and progression of arterial stiffness. Methods A total of 6028 participants were derived from the Kailuan study. TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Arterial stiffness was measured using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Arterial stiffness progression was assessed by the annual growth rate of repeatedly measured baPWV. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the cross-sectional association of TyG index with baPWV, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the longitudinal association between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness. Results Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that each one unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 39 cm/s increment (95%CI, 29–48 cm/s, P < 0.001) in baseline baPWV and a 0.29 percent/year increment (95%CI, 0.17–0.42 percent/year, P < 0.001) in the annual growth rate of baPWV. During 26,839 person-years of follow-up, there were 883 incident cases with arterial stiffness. Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 58% higher risk of arterial stiffness (HR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.25–2.01, P < 0.001), as compared with those in the lowest quartile of TyG index. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis showed a significant dose–response relationship between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness (P non-linearity = 0.005). Conclusion Participants with a higher TyG index were more likely to have a higher risk of arterial stiffness. Subjects with a higher TyG index should be aware of the following risk of arterial stiffness progression, so as to establish lifestyle changes at an early stage.

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Populations and Fisheries of the Red Lakes, Minnesota, 1930–75

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1774-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd L. Smith Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
Parent Stock ◽  
Catch Statistics

In an investigation of the commercial fishery of Red Lakes, Minnesota, for the 46-yr period 1930–75, catch statistics were analyzed, and the dynamics of the perch and walleye populations were examined. Mean annual yields of walleye for two statistical periods, 1930–53 and 1954–75, were 309,900 and 245,100 kg, respectively for walleyes, and 96,400 and 109,500 kg for perch. Annual abundance (CPE based on average catches per day per 5-net units of gill nets) varied from 3.8 to 64.6 kg for walleye, and from 2.5 to 34.4 kg for perch. Causes of fluctuations in harvestable stock were directly related to strength of year-classes and to growth rate during the season of capture. Year-class strength was not related to the abundance of parent stock or of potential predators. The respective strengths of year-classes of perch and walleye in the same year were positively correlated (r = 0.859, P < 0.01), and are directly related to climatic factors. Growth rate of walleye in different calendar years varied from +30.7 to −42.2% of mean growth, and that of perch from +13.4 to −8.6% (1941–56). Growing season began in mid-June and was almost over by September 1. Walleye yield could be enhanced by starting harvest July 1 instead of early June. Perch yield could be improved by harvesting small perch. Key words: Percidae, Perca, population dynamics, Stizostedion, long-term yield

scholarly journals Seed mass effects on germination and growth of diverse European Scots pine populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Reich ◽  
J. Oleksyn ◽  
M.G. Tjoelker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mass Effects

Seedlings of 24 European Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) populations were grown in controlled environment chambers under simulated photoperiodic conditions of 50 and 60°N latitude to evaluate the effect of seed mass on germination and seedling growth characteristics. Seeds of each population were classified into 1-mg mass classes, and the four classes per population with the highest frequencies were used. Photoperiod had minimal influence on seed mass effects. Overall, seed mass was positively related to the number of cotyledons and hypocotyl height. Populations differed significantly in seed mass effect on biomass. In northern populations (55–61°N), dry mass at the end of the first growing season was little affected by seed mass. However, dry mass in 9 of 15 central populations (54–48°N) and all southern (<45°N) populations correlated positively with seed mass. Relative growth rate was not related to seed mass within or across populations, and thus early growth is largely determined by seed mass. Relative growth rate also did not differ among populations, except for a geographically isolated Turkish population with the highest seed mass and lowest relative growth rate. After one growing season, height was positively correlated (r2 > 0.6) with seed mass in 15 populations. To check the duration of seed mass effects, height growth of 1- to 7-year-old field experiments established with the same seed lots were compared. Seed mass effects on height were strongest for 1-year-old seedlings and declined or disappeared by the age of 5–7 years among central and southern populations, but remained stable over that time in northern populations.

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