The Effect of Physical Conditioning on the Metabolism of Lactate, Phosphate, and Glucose in Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Hammond ◽  
Cleveland P. Hickman Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Physical Conditioning ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Plasma Phosphate ◽  
Rapid Removal ◽  
Lactate Levels

Physiological effects of physical conditioning to water current were studied on three groups of [Formula: see text]-year-old rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to 4 C. Group one (control) was raised in still water. Groups two and three were conditioned to water velocities of 20 cm/sec and 40 cm/sec, respectively, for 16 days before sampling. Muscle and plasma samples were collected before exercise and four times during subjection to 15 min of forced swimming at 53.4 cm/sec and eight times during a 24-hr recovery period. Conditioning significantly delayed the point of fatigue during forced exercise: the unconditioned fish were fatigued after about 5 min swimming, group two after about 10 min swimming, and group three at about 15 min.Physically conditioned trout showed significantly higher muscle and plasma lactate levels when fatigued, and more rapid removal of lactate from muscle and plasma during recovery from fatigue, than unconditioned trout. Exercise resulted in parallel oscillating concentration fluctuations of tissue phosphate and significant increases in concentrations of plasma phosphate in both conditioned and unconditioned fish. Plasma glucose showed no significant change during exercise but rose slightly during the recovery of all groups.

Blood Lactate Levels in Free-Swimming Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Before and After Strenuous Exercise Resulting in Fatigue

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Driedzic ◽  
Joe W. Kiceniuk
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lactate Levels

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exercised to fatigue in a series of 60-min stepwise increasing velocity increments. There was no increase in blood lactate concentration, serially sampled during swimming by means of indwelling dorsal and ventral aortic catheters, at velocities as high as 93% of critical velocity of individuals. The data show that under these conditions the rate of production of lactate by white muscle, at less than critical velocities, is minimal or that the rate of elimination of lactate from white muscle is equal to its rate of utilization elsewhere. Immediately following fatigue blood lactate level increases rapidly. During the recovery period there appears to be a net uptake of lactate by the gills.

Relationship Among Recovery Oxygen, Oxygen Missed, Lactate Production and Lactate Removal During and Following Severe Hypoxia in the Unanesthetized Dog

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman R. Alpert ◽  
Herbert Kayne ◽  
Winona Haslett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Severe Hypoxia ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Oxygen Oxygen ◽  
Lactate Removal ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Removal And Recovery

An experiment was designed to test the ‘O2debt’ hypothesis. Oxygen consumption and plasma lactate were measured before, during and following hypoixa in unanesthetized spinally transected dogs. The O2 consumption was depressed during hypoxia and returned toward control levels during recovery. Lactate levels increased during the hypoxia and returned to the control during recovery. Oxygen missed was correlated with the excess consumption of recovery. A highly significant relationship was found which indicated that the larger the depression in O2 consumption during hypoxia, the greater was the depression during the recovery period and the more prolonged the return to control levels. Oxygen missed during hypoxia was compared to lactate production. A significant relationship was found. Lactate removal was compared to excess consumption of recovery. No correlation existed between lactate removal and recovery O2 consumption. The authors postulate the presence of a metabolic governor which controls the rate of O2 uptake.

Differential Response to Water Current by Two Homozygous LDH Phenotypes of Young Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Northcote ◽  
B. W. Kelso
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Downstream Movement

Above-waterfall, wild stocks of rainbow trout fry homozygous for liver lactate dehydrogenase alleles ldh HαA and ldh HαB were artificially propagated, and their response to water current was compared in experimental channels permitting upstream or downstream movement. Although HαA HαA phenotypes showed significantly more upstream movement than HαB HαB phenotypes in tests made under lighted conditions and less downstream movement in darkness, these differences in behavior cannot necessarily be ascribed to the ldh Hα locus. Implications to control of current responses in trout maintaining populations above waterfalls impassible to upstream migration are discussed.Key words: current response, LDH, rainbow trout, migratory behavior

Turnover and Urinary Excretion of Free and Acetylated M.S. 222 by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Hunn ◽  
Richard A. Schoettger ◽  
Wayne A. Willford
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Free Drug ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Drug Elimination ◽  
Drug Excretion ◽  
Anesthetic Concentration ◽  
Low Levels

Rainbow trout: (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized in 100 mg/liter of M.S. 222 at 12 C excreted the drug in free and acetylated forms via the urine during a 24-hr recovery period in freshwater. Of the M.S. 222 excreted, 77–96% was acetylated. Blood levels of free drug in anesthetized trout approximated 75% of the anesthetic concentration, but the amount of acetylated M.S. 222 was relatively insignificant. The blood and urine were cleared of the two fractions of M.S. 222 in 8 and 24 hr respectively. Low levels of aromatic amines of natural origin occurred in blood and urine and were subtracted from measurements of M.S. 222. Intraperitoneal injections of 10–100 mg/kg of M.S. 222 did not induce anesthesia; however, the 24-hr pattern of drug excretion was similar to that observed after anesthesia by immersion. Only 15–21% of the injected dose was found in the urine, suggesting a second route of drug elimination.

scholarly journals Lactate and Proton Dynamics in the Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY D. TURNER ◽  
CHRIS M. WOOD ◽  
DONNA CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Intracellular Acidosis ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Extracellular Acidosis ◽  
Acid Load

Chronically cannulated rainbow trout were subjected to 6 min of severe burst exercise and monitored over a 12 h recovery period. There were short-lived increases in haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma protein, Na+ and Cl− levels. Plasma [Cl−] later declined below normal as organic anions accumulated. A much larger and more prolonged elevation in plasma [K+] probably resulted from intracellular acidosis. An intense extracellular acidosis was initially of equal respiratory (i.e. Pa,COa,CO2) a nd metabolic (i.e. ΔH+m) origin. However Pa,COa,CO2 was rapidly corrected while the metabolic component persisted. Plasma ammonia increases had negligible influence on acid-base status. Elevations in blood lactate (ΔLa−) were equal to ΔH+m immediately post-exercise but later rose to twice the latter. Simultaneous white muscle biopsies and blood samples demonstrated that muscle to blood gradients of lactate and pyruvate were maximal immediately post-exercise. As blood levels rose and muscle levels declined, an approximate equilibrium was reached after 4 h of recovery. Intra-arterial infusions of lactic acid in resting trout produced a severe but rapidly corrected metabolic acidosis. The rates of disappearance of ΔH+m and ΔLa− from the blood were equal. Infusions of similar amounts of sodium lactate produced a small, prolonged metabolic alkalosis with a much slower ΔLa− disappearance rate. It is suggested that the excess of ΔLa− over ΔH+m in the blood after exercise is associated with differential release rates of the two species from white muscle rather than differential removal rates from the bloodstream, and that the majority of the lactic acid load in muscle is removed by metabolism in situ.

scholarly journals Migratory Behaviour of Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, in Outlet and Inlet Streams of Loon Lake, British Columbia

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Northcote
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Outlet Stream ◽  
Downstream Movement

The marked differences in response to water current, exhibited by juvenile rainbow trout migrating into Loon Lake from its outlet and inlet streams, were studied both in the field and in experimental laboratory apparatus. All available evidence argued against genetically discrete outlet and inlet stocks, each maintaining different innate responses to water current. Difference in water temperature between streams was shown, in field and laboratory experiments, to regulate direction of juvenile trout migration through action on behaviour associated with downstream movement, maintenance of position and upstream movement.In laboratory experiments with cool (5 and 10 °C) flowing water, recently emerged fry rarely made contact with the stream bottom in darkness and exhibited much more downstream movement than in warm (> 14 °C) water. In cool streams of the Loon Lake system (daily mean consistently < 13 °C) large numbers of recently emerged fry moved downstream in darkness. Laboratory experiments indicated that combination of cool water (10 °C) and long day length (16 hours) induced downstream movement of fingerlings. In the field, fingerlings moved downstream largely in late spring and summer in cool streams of the Loon Lake system.In laboratory experiments with warm (15 and 20 °C) flowing water, recently emerged fry made frequent contact with the stream bottom in darkness and exhibited much less downstream movement than in cool (10 °C) water. In the warm outlet stream (daily mean in summer usually > 15 °C) recently emerged fry maintained position in darkness. Laboratory experiments suggested that short day length (8 hours) may facilitate maintenance of position exhibited by fingerlings in streams during late autumn and winter.Upstream movement of fry recorded in the field and tested in the laboratory was most pronounced in warm water (> 14 °C). Fingerlings subjected to rapid 5–degree (C) increases in water temperature in an experimental stream exhibited an immediate increase in upstream movement. Upstream movement in summer of large fry and fingerlings occurred only in the warm outlet stream; daily periodicity of upstream movement was positively correlated with sharp rises in water temperature.Evidence examined from four other widely separated stream systems indicated an environmental control of migration in juvenile rainbow trout similar to that demonstrated in the Loon Lake stream system. Possible mechanisms and interaction of factors controlling migratory patterns between and within streams are discussed. Significance of the predominant role played by temperature is considered.

Effects of MS 222 on Glycogen and Lactate Levels in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1539-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar C. Black ◽  
Anne R. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lactate Levels

not available

scholarly journals Cardiac Output and Regional Blood Flow in Gills and Muscles after Exhaustive Exercise in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
PETER NEUMANN ◽  
GEORGE F. HOLETON ◽  
NORBERT HEISLER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were electrically stimulated to exhausting activity and the changes in cardiac output and blood flow distribution to gills and systemic tissues resulting from the developing severe lactacidosis were repeatedly measured by the microsphere method (15 μm). Determination of cardiac output by application of the Fick principle resulted in values not significantly different from cardiac output measured by the indicator dilution technique, suggesting that cutaneous respiration, oxygen consumption, and arterio-venous shunting were insignificant under these conditions. Following muscular activity, cardiac output was elevated by up to 60%. In the gills, the blood flow distribution in the gill arches showed a consistent pattern, even during lactacidosis, with a higher perfusion in gill arches II and III, and in the middle sections of individual gills. Blood flow to white and red muscle was increased much more than cardiac output (+230 and +490%, respectively) such that blood flow to other tissues was actually reduced. We conclude that the elimination of lactate from muscle cells during the recovery period from strenuous exercise is delayed, not as a result of an impaired post-exercise muscle blood flow, but probably as a result of a high diffusion resistance in the cell membrane. Note: Deceased.

Physiological Consequences of Severe Exercise in the Inactive Benthic Flathead Sole (Hippoglossoides Elassodon): A Comparison With The Active Pelagic Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY D. Turner ◽  
CHRIS M. WOOD ◽  
HELVE HÖBE
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Water Exercise ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Haematological Changes ◽  
Severe Exercise ◽  
Hippoglossoides Elassodon

Chronically cannulated flathead sole were subjected to 10 min of either moderate or exhausting burst exercise and monitored over a 12 h recovery period. Acid-base disturbances were more severe after exhausting exercise, but ionic and haematological changes were the same in the two treatments. Most effects were qualitatively similar to those previously described in severely exercised rainbow trout (Turner, Wood & Clark, 1983). Specific differences are discussed and related to the different external environments sea water vs fresh water), exercise capabilities and ecologies of the two species. The most striking divergence occurred in lactate (La−) and metabolic proton dynamics. Post-exercise La− levels in white muscle in sole were less than half those in trout but declined much more slowly. In contrast to the situation in trout, muscle [La−] remained significantly elevated and large muscle to blood La− gradient persisted even after 12 h recovery. Blood [La−] underwent only minimal elevation (&lt;2 mequiv 1−1), and blood metabolic proton load (ΔH+m) greatly exceeded Δ;La− throughout the recovery period, effects directly opposite those in trout. This observed excess of ΔH+m over ΔLa− in the blood of exercised sole is probably not due to a preferential removal mechanism, because ΔH+m and ΔLa− disappeared from the blood at similar rates after an intra-arterial infusion of lactic acid in resting animals. It is therefore argued that the phenomenon reflects a differential release of the two metabolites from the white muscle of the sole, La− being strictly retained in the muscle for gluconeogenesis in situ.

scholarly journals Orientation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in normal and null magnetic fields

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Chew ◽  
G. E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Spatial Activity ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Normal Magnetic Field

In the absence of distinct visual or olfactory cues, adult and juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) showed preferred orientation in the presence of a normal magnetic field. In contrast, fish tested in a null magnetic field showed no directed orientation. These results were obtained in both the presence and absence of a slight (12-cm/s) circular water current. These findings indicate that nonanadromous salmonids, like anadromous forms, are capable of sensing magnetic cues during certain types of spatial activity.

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