Ketone Bodies in the Blood of Salmonoid Fishes

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E.E. Jonas ◽  
E. Bilinski
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spawning Grounds

The concentration of acetoacetate expressed as acetone in the blood of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) was generally in the range of 0.3–1.0 mg/100 ml and long periods of starvation did not appear to affect this level to any appreciable extent. In sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the pre-spawning stage of migration the concentration of acetoacetate was within the range found for rainbow trout. Higher concentrations of acetoacetate, amounting to approximately 1.5 mg/100 ml of blood, were present in sockeye salmon at the spawning grounds. Rainbow trout, which had been exercised, yielded greater value for β-hydroxybutyrate, and it was shown that under these conditions lactic acid interfered with the determination of β-hydroxybutyrate. Starvation of rainbow trout did not affect the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate to any appreciable extent. In spawning salmon β-hydroxybutyrate showed some increase, as compared with fish in the pre-spawning stage of migration.

Blood pH and Mortality in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii) and Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. E. Jonas ◽  
Harcharan S. Sehdev ◽  
N. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Similar Association

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) under light anaesthesia with MS 222 (tricaine methanesulphonate) died when their blood pH was lowered into the range of 6.8 to 6.9 by injection of either lactic acid or hydrochloric acid. When injection of the same quantities of either acid did not lower the blood pH into this range, fatalities did not result (one exception in 56 fish injected). The injection of much larger quantities of lactate or chloride ions in the form of sodium salts did not cause fatalities.Very limited data for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) suggest a similar association between blood pH and mortality for this species.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: XI. The Free Histidine Content of the Tissues

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
D. W. Duncan ◽  
M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Biochemical Studies

During the first 250 miles (400 km) of spawning migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the free histidine content of the muscle, alimentary tract, and head+skin+bones+tail decreased to a small fraction of the initial value. A further decrease occurred in the levels of this amino acid in the alimentary tract during the subsequent 415-mile (657-km) migration to the spawning grounds, no change being observed with the other tissues. Comparatively small changes in free histidine were found with heart, spleen, liver, kidney and gonads during migration.

Sex-specific differences in cardiac control and hematology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) approaching their spawning grounds

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. R1136-R1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Sandblom ◽  
Timothy D. Clark ◽  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
Anthony P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Cardiac Control ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Some male salmonids (e.g., rainbow trout) display profound cardiovascular adjustments during sexual maturation, including cardiac growth and hypertension, and tachycardia has been observed in free-ranging male salmonids near their spawning grounds. In the present study, we investigated cardiac control, dorsal aortic blood pressure, cardiac morphometrics, and hematological variables in wild, sexually maturing sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka) with a particular aim to decipher any sex-specific differences. Routine heart rate ( fH) was significantly higher in females (52 vs. 43 beats/min), which was due to significantly lower cholinergic tone (28 vs. 46%), because there were no differences in adrenergic tone or intrinsic heart rate between sexes. No differences in blood pressure were observed despite males possessing an 11% greater relative ventricular mass. Concomitant with higher routine heart rates, female sockeye had significantly higher levels of cortisol, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol, whereas the level of 11-ketotestosterone was higher in males. There were no differences in hematocrit or hemoglobin concentration between the sexes. The findings of this study highlight the importance of considering sex as a variable in research fields such as conservation biology and when modeling the consequences of local and global climate change. Indeed, this study helps to provide a mechanistic basis for the significantly higher rates of female mortality observed in previous studies of wild-caught sockeye salmon.

High river temperature reduces survival of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) approaching spawning grounds and exacerbates female mortality

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo G. Martins ◽  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
David A. Patterson ◽  
Merran J. Hague ◽  
Steven J. Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
River Section ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Related Mortality

Recent studies have shown that warm temperatures reduce survival of adult migrating sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ), but knowledge gaps exist on where high-temperature-related mortality occurs along the migration and whether females and males are differentially impacted by river temperature. In this study, we monitored 437 radio-tagged Fraser River sockeye salmon and used capture–mark–recapture modelling approaches to investigate whether river thermal conditions differentially influence (i) spatial patterns of survival along a 413-km stretch of migration and (ii) survival of the sexes. Regardless of water temperature, survival decreased in the river section containing the most hydraulically difficult passages of the migration. However, when water temperature was warm (19 °C), survival decreased even further in the final 186 km of the migration prior to reaching the spawning grounds, particularly in females. Female and male survival differed but only when they experienced warm river temperatures. Under such conditions, the overall freshwater migration survival of males was 1.6 times higher (0.79 ± 0.09 standard error, SE) than that of females (0.50 ± 0.11 SE). As maturing female sockeye salmon maintain higher levels of plasma cortisol compared with males, we suspect that females could be immuno-compromised and thus less resistant to pathogens whose rates of development are accelerated by warm temperatures.

scholarly journals Experimental determination of residence time for sockeye salmon spawners on spawning grounds in the littoral zone of Lake Nachikinskoye (Kamchatka)

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-323
Author(s):  
O. M. Zaporozhets ◽  
G. V. Zaporozhets
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Determination ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Littoral Zone ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Target Function ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Repeated Observations ◽  
Key Parameter

Residence time of late-race sockeye spawners on spawning grounds located in the littoral zone of Lake Nachikinskoye in southern Kamchatka is determined directly using 11 series of tagging and tracking of tags conducted in 2018 and 2020 (700 tagged individuals). The residence time is the key parameter for calculation of the spawners number on the data of repeated observations from the beginning to the end of spawning. Methodology of the experiment is described in details and all data of measurements are presented. Impact of certain variables on the target function is discussed. The residence time is estimated as 5 days.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration. V. Cholesterol, Fat, Protein and Water in the Body of the Standard Fish

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Idler ◽  
I. Bitners
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Sampling Station ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The absolute changes in fat, protein, water and free and esterified cholesterol for the entire body of standard male and female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during the Fraser River spawning migration are discussed.The data were obtained for twelve groups of males and twelve groups of females, totalling 216 fish. The fish were caught at three locations: before entering the river, 250 miles up the river, and at one of the spawning grounds 715 miles from the first sampling station.

Factors Affecting Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Predation on Migrant Fry of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Ginetz ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Lower Stream ◽  
Downstream Movement

Predation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) on migrant sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry in experimental streams was higher on fry at an earlier development stage, in moonlight by contrast to cloudy night light intensities, at lesser turbidities, and at lower stream velocities. At dusk light intensities, from.05 to.30 ft-c, mortality from predation was inversely related to light intensity. The longer the period of exposure of fry to naturally declining light intensities prior to downstream movement, the lower was the loss to predators. Exposure of predators to high light intensities prior to the downstream movement of fry resulted in decreased fry mortality. Fry that had survived exposure to predators in an experimental stream 1 and 2 days previous were less vulnerable to predation than "naive" fry. Successive exposures further decreased the loss to predation. Fry enumerated at a counting fence suffered less predation than fry not enumerated. Experienced fry moved downstream more rapidly than naive fry.In laboratory aquaria, experienced fry formed compact schools prior to and in response to stimuli, while naive fry formed loose schools or did not school. Experienced fry were less active in responding to stimuli. Enumerated fry resembled experienced fry; nonenumerated fry resembled naive fry.Various techniques of enhancing sockeye salmon fry survival during downstream migration are suggested by these results.

scholarly journals Migration and survival of Okanagan River Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, 2012–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Murauskas ◽  
Kim Hyatt ◽  
Jeff Fryer ◽  
Elliot Koontz ◽  
Skyeler Folks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Background Okanagan River Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Okanagan Sockeye) are one of two remaining self-sustaining Sockeye Salmon populations in the Columbia River Basin. We used detection histories of smolts implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags between 2012 and 2019 to estimate survival and behavioral metrics during reintroduction efforts and changing environmental conditions over the monitoring period. Results Smolts migrating to McNary Dam, whose route includes 130 km of the Okanagan River and 388 km of the Columbia River, generally had high survival (mean of 87.0% per 100 km) and fast migration speeds (up to 50 km/day) relative to other salmonids in the region. Smolt-to-adult returns (SARs) ranged from 0.4 to 6.1% and were greater for fish originating from Skaha Lake compared to cohorts tagged in Osoyoos Lake. Most adults returned after 2 years in the ocean (69%), followed by jacks (27%), and adults that spent 3 years at sea (4%), though Skaha Lake adults had a significantly younger age structure than cohorts from Osoyoos Lake. Survival of adults from Bonneville Dam (rkm 235) upstream to Wells Dam (rkm 830) was generally high (80–92%), and migration speed decreased in upstream reaches. Survival from Wells Dam to the Okanagan River was only estimable in 2018, where 64% of adults survived to the spawning grounds. The upstream migration of adult Okanagan Sockeye was significantly compromised during the drought of 2015 when less than 5% of Okanagan Sockeye that returned to the Columbia River reached spawning grounds. Conclusions Our results indicate that Okanagan Sockeye have exceptional survival and migratory ability relative to other salmonids, though poor ocean conditions combined with warming water temperatures in freshwater habitats in recent years have the potential to devastate the population. The success of reintroduction efforts to increase spatial structure and diversity of Okanagan Sockeye is, therefore, critical to maintaining the population in years to come.

Tributary Homing of Sockeye Salmon at Brooks and Karluk Lakes, Alaska

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur L. Hartman ◽  
Robert F. Raleigh
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Small Lakes ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Spawning Area ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Final Study ◽  
Color Combinations ◽  
Original Donor

The degree of preference of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) for spawning in specific tributaries to Brooks and Karluk Lakes, Alaska, was studied in 1960 and 1961. Adult sockeye salmon begin to congregate around stream mouths soon after entering these lakes. At Brooks Lake, groups of fish were seined from various stream mouths and marked with distinctive tag color combinations. One group of tagged fish from each seine haul was released back into the original donor congregation as a control, and one or more groups were transported and released into congregations around other tributary mouths. Strength of tributary preference was determined by comparing the number of fish from each group distributed on the various spawning grounds. Eighty-three per cent of the 958 fish tagged were recovered at weirs and on stream and lake surveys. Distribution to spawning areas of sockeye salmon in control and transported groups was virtually identical. The study at Brooks Lake was followed by a study at Karluk Lake to explore further the strength of tributary preference. Very few sockeye salmon experimentally prevented from entering their preferred tributary chose an alternative spawning area. Most continued to attempt to enter their blocked tributary until death. A final study at Karluk Lake confirmed the fact that sockeye salmon entering the lake were predisposed to spawn in a particular tributary and could not be conditioned to enter an alternative tributary. We conclude that sockeye salmon are indeed homing to particular tributaries in these small lakes. The biological and management implications of these findings are discussed.

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