The Bacterial Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide to Trimethylamine

1939 ◽  
Vol 4b (5) ◽  
pp. 367-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Free State ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide ◽  
Sea Fish

Only three of thirty microorganisms isolated from seven samples of fresh or lightly smoked sea fish muscle in various stages of decomposition reduced trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine. This reduction is due to an enzyme, which activates trimethylamine oxide rendering it susceptible to reduction by many of the dehydrogenases of the bacterial cell. This enzyme, as it occurs in the intact cell, is apparently completely inhibited by toluene-treatment but not by cyanide. It. has not yet been obtained in cell-free state, and its substrate specificity has not been determined. Putrid fish muscle, with negligible amounts of trimethylamine, has been obtained by inoculating aseptically excised fish muscle with non-trimethylamine forming bacteria.

Studies of Fish Spoilage: IV. The Bacterial Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide

1939 ◽  
Vol 4b (4) ◽  
pp. 252-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Total Bacterial Population ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Anaerobic Environment

In fish muscle press juice simulating the surface and the interior of muscle, there is an aerobic environment in the surface layer and an anaerobic environment in the body of the liquid. The Eh potential of the former is about 0.3 volts and of the latter from −0.5 to −0.10 volt.It is found that the bacterial population proliferating at 2 °C. is chiefly Achromobacter, which can be divided into two groups, obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes. Only the latter group, which is capable of growth in the interior or surface, is responsible for the reduction of trimethylamine oxide with the evolution of trimethylamine. Since the initial total count is made up of a large number of obligate aerobes or non-oxide reducers it is obvious that the total bacterial population cannot be related to trimethylamine production. The appearance of this base therefore may be taken to indicate a bacterial population which is in excess of that responsible for its production.Molecular oxygen at surface exercises a trimethylamine oxide sparing effect. In practice, however, this effect is not significant from the point of view of the freshness test in the sense of Beatty and Gibbons.

scholarly journals Trimethylamine Oxide in Fish Muscle II

1958 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 645-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiro HASHIMOTO ◽  
Tomotoshi OKAICHI
Keyword(s):  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide

scholarly journals Sources of Conductance Changes during Bacterial Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide to Trimethylammonium in Phosphate Buffer

Microbiology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 1357-1361
Author(s):  
J. D. OWENS ◽  
D. R. MISKIN ◽  
M. C. WACHER-VIVEROS ◽  
L. C. A. BENGE
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide ◽  
Conductance Changes

The Influence of Trimethylamine Oxide on the Bacterial Reduction of Redox Indicators

1950 ◽  
Vol 7d (10) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Castell
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Redox Indicators ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide ◽  
Oxidation Reduction

In the presence of bacteria capable of reducing it, trimethylamine oxide exerts a poising action on the oxidation-reduction potentials of media. This poising is at an Eh level considerably electropositive to the Eó of the redox indicators commonly used in the "reduction tests" used for determining the bacterial quality of foods.

Bacterial Reduction of Sodium Nitrite and Formation of Trimethylamine in Fish

1949 ◽  
Vol 7c (8) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Oxide Reduction ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Surface Ph ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide

Bacteria reduce sodium nitrite in stored cod fillets. Rapid reduction of trimethylamine oxide is inhibited by the nitrite in the concentrations used, up to 700 p.p.m., trimethylamine formation occurring only after the nitrite is reduced to about 50 p.p.m. This results in an increased keeping time in fillets treated with nitrite. The surface pH remains acid until the rapid trimethylamine formation takes place.Nitrate alone, more slowly in the presence of nitrite, is rapidly reduced to nitrite and beyond. The trimethylamine oxide reduction is not affected by the nitrate reduction, the former being usually reduced before the nitrate.

scholarly journals The Metalloid Reductase of Pseudomonas Moravenis Stanleyae Conveys Nanoparticle Mediated Metalloid Tolerance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Nemeth ◽  
Mackenzie Neubert ◽  
Thomas Ni ◽  
Christopher J. Ackerson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Se Nanoparticles ◽  
In Cells

In the present work we have identified a glutathione reductase like metalloid reductase (GRLMR) responsible for mediating selenite tolerance in <i>Pseudomonas moravenis</i> stanleyae through the enzymatic generation of Se(0) nanoparticles. This enzyme has an unprecedented substrate specificity for selenodiglutathione (K<sub>m</sub>= 336 μM) over oxidized glutathione (K<sub>m</sub>=8.22 mM). This enzyme was able to induce selenite tolerance in foreign bacterial cell lines by increasing the IC<sub>90</sub> for selenite from 1.9 mM in cell lacking the GRLMR gene to 21.3 mM for cells containing the GRLMR gene. It was later confirmed by STEM and EDS that Se nanoparticles were absent in control cells and present in cells expressing GRLMR. Structural analysis suggests the lack of a sulfur residue in the substrate/product binding pocket may be responsible for this unique substrate specificity.

scholarly journals YscP and YscU Regulate Substrate Specificity of the Yersinia Type III Secretion System

2003 ◽  
Vol 185 (7) ◽  
pp. 2259-2266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra J. Edqvist ◽  
Jan Olsson ◽  
Moa Lavander ◽  
Lena Sundberg ◽  
Åke Forsberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Bacterial Cell Surface

ABSTRACT Pathogenic Yersinia species use a type III secretion system to inhibit phagocytosis by eukaryotic cells. At 37°C, the secretion system is assembled, forming a needle-like structure on the bacterial cell surface. Upon eukaryotic cell contact, six effector proteins, called Yops, are translocated into the eukaryotic cell cytosol. Here, we show that a yscP mutant exports an increased amount of the needle component YscF to the bacterial cell surface but is unable to efficiently secrete effector Yops. Mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of the inner membrane protein YscU suppress the yscP phenotype by reducing the level of YscF secretion and increasing the level of Yop secretion. These results suggest that YscP and YscU coordinately regulate the substrate specificity of the Yersinia type III secretion system. Furthermore, we show that YscP and YscU act upstream of the cell contact sensor YopN as well as the inner gatekeeper LcrG in the pathway of substrate export regulation. These results further strengthen the strong evolutionary link between flagellar biosynthesis and type III synthesis.

Amines in Fish Muscle. VI. Trimethylamine Oxide Content of Fish and Marine Invertebrates

1952 ◽  
Vol 8c (5) ◽  
pp. 314-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Trimethylamine Oxide

Original determinations of the trimethylamine oxide content of 60 species of fish are recorded, and 21 additional species have been studied by others. Elasmobranchs have the highest content of oxide, two to five per cent based on dry weight. Among teleost fishes, the amount increases from the lower to the higher orders, freshwater fish containing no oxide. Analyses of several species of marine invertebrates confirm earlier work showing that certain molluscs, echinoderms and other organisms contain trimethylamine oxide, often in quantities similar to those in the higher teleosts.

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