Clostridium botulinum type E occurs and grows in the alga Cladophora glomerata

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 879-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli ◽  
Richard L. Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Algal Mats ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E

In recent years, massive avian die-offs from Clostridium botulinum type E infection have occurred in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) area of Lake Michigan. These outbreaks have been coincidental with massive blooms of the green algae Cladophora , mostly Cladophora glomerata . We tested the hypothesis that Clostridium botulinum type E can grow under suitable conditions in these algal mats. In a lab mesocosm study, Cladophora from four outbreak-impacted beaches from SLBE were compared with four unimpacted beaches in the Milwaukee–Racine area for bontE gene of Clostridium botulinum. Frequency of the bontE gene was higher after incubation (25 °C for up to 6 weeks) of Cladophora from impacted vs. the unimpacted area. Since no type E gene was detected initially in Cladophora from any of the eight locations, we infer that the increased occurrence of type E gene arose from spore germination or vegetative Clostridium growth within the existing algal mats of SLBE. Moreover, we found that the congener Clostridium perfringens readily grows in mesocosms containing Cladophora.

SPORE GERMINATION AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E IN SYNTHETIC MEDIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Q. Ward ◽  
B. J. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
Synthetic Media

A synthetic medium supporting growth of Clostridium botulinum type E, strain D8, from spore inocula was devised. The effects of single amino acid deletions or additions were studied. Certain of these were inhibitory, but none completely suppressed germination or subsequent vegetative growth. Spore germinations in solutions of single amino acids were also studied. Germination in some of these was delayed but it did occur in all cases.The effects of single vitamin omissions were followed from spore germination to growth maxima. Such deletions were essentially ineffectual.Additions of nucleic acids to the medium were somewhat stimulatory. Early growth curves approximated controls but maxima were superior to those of controls. The addition of purine or pyrimidine bases or pentose sugars did not greatly influence growth. Thymine or deoxyribose delayed spore germination.Additions of selected acids associated with lipids, or currently or historically with food preservation, were often detrimental but never completely inhibitory. The addition of citric and (or) lactic acid to the medium permitted toxin formation.

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM FOOD POISONING1,2

1965 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Foster ◽  
Janet S. Deffner ◽  
Thomas L. Bott ◽  
Elizabeth McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E

Summary The outbreaks of botulism in the United States during 1963 stimulated renewed interest in this food-borne disease, primarily because commercially prepared foods were involved. Three of the outbreaks were caused by Clostridium botulinum type E in fishery products. Two of these resulted from the consumption of smoked fish from the Great Lakes. A survey has been started to see if C. botulinum type E is common on fish from the Great Lakes. Toxin neutralization tests have shown the organism to be present in cultures from nine of ten locations sampled in Lake Michigan. The organism was found more frequently in the intestinal tract than on gills, livers or the external surfaces of the fish. Over 75% of the cultures prepared from the intestines of fish caught in one large bay of Lake Michigan proved to contain type E toxin. The incidence of the organism in fish from the main body of the lake has been much lower than this.

scholarly journals Sequencing the Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene and Related Genes in Clostridium botulinum Type E Strains Reveals orfx3 and a Novel Type E Neurotoxin Subtype

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (23) ◽  
pp. 8643-8650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Chen ◽  
Hannu Korkeala ◽  
Johannes Aarnikunnas ◽  
Miia Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
The Other ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
First Time ◽  
Distinct Subtype

ABSTRACT Three Clostridium botulinum type E strains were sequenced for the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) gene cluster, and 11 type E strains, representing a wide biodiversity, were sequenced for the bont/E gene. The total length of the BoNT/E gene cluster was 12,908 bp, and a novel gene (partial) designated orfx3, together with the complete orfx2 gene, was identified in the three type E strains for the first time. Apart from orfx3, the structure and organization of the neurotoxin gene cluster of the three strains were identical to those of previously published ones. Only minor differences (≤3%) in the nucleotide sequences of the gene cluster components were observed among the three strains and the published BoNT/E-producing clostridia. The orfx3, orfx2, orfx1, and p47 gene sequences of the three type E strains shared homologies of 81%, 67 to 76%, 78 to 79%, and 79 to 85%, respectively, with published sequences for type A1 and A2 C. botulinum. Analysis of bont/E from the 14 type E strains and 19 previously published BoNT/E-producing clostridia revealed six neurotoxin subtypes, with a new distinct subtype consisting of three Finnish isolates alone. The amino acid sequence of the subtype E6 neurotoxin differed 3 to 6% from the other subtypes, suggesting that these subtype E6 neurotoxins may possess specific antigenic or functional properties.

Effect of Salt Level and Nitrite on Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum Type E Spores in Smoked Great Lakes Whitefish1

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. CUPPETT ◽  
J. I. GRAY ◽  
J. J. PESTKA ◽  
A. M. BOOREN ◽  
J. F. PRICE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Salt Level ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
Average Water

The effect of salt level and nitrite on botulinal safety of smoked whitefish was investigated. An average water-phase (wp) salt concentration of 4.4% inhibited outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores (103 spores/g) for over 35 d in temperature-abused (27°C) smoked whitefish. Incorporation of nitrite (220 mg/kg) during brining to the smoked salted (4.4%, wp) whitefish inhibited toxin production for 56 d at 27°C. An average salt concentration of 6.2% (wp), with or without nitrite, totally inhibited toxin production for the duration of the study (83 d). The effect of pH and water activity in temperature-abused smoked whitefish as a means of controlling toxin production by C. botulinum type E spores was evaluated.

INACTIVATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E SPORES BY HIGH PRESSURE PROCESSING

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. REDDY ◽  
H. M. SOLOMON ◽  
G.A. FINGERHUT ◽  
E.J. RHODEHAMEL ◽  
V.M. BALASUBRAMANIAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E
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