EFFECTS OF SULFA DRUGS ON SPORE GERMINATION, VEGETATIVE GROWTH, AND TOXIN FORMATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Q. Ward ◽  
B. J. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Sulfa Drugs ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
Toxin Formation

SPORE GERMINATION AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E IN SYNTHETIC MEDIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Q. Ward ◽  
B. J. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
Synthetic Media

A synthetic medium supporting growth of Clostridium botulinum type E, strain D8, from spore inocula was devised. The effects of single amino acid deletions or additions were studied. Certain of these were inhibitory, but none completely suppressed germination or subsequent vegetative growth. Spore germinations in solutions of single amino acids were also studied. Germination in some of these was delayed but it did occur in all cases.The effects of single vitamin omissions were followed from spore germination to growth maxima. Such deletions were essentially ineffectual.Additions of nucleic acids to the medium were somewhat stimulatory. Early growth curves approximated controls but maxima were superior to those of controls. The addition of purine or pyrimidine bases or pentose sugars did not greatly influence growth. Thymine or deoxyribose delayed spore germination.Additions of selected acids associated with lipids, or currently or historically with food preservation, were often detrimental but never completely inhibitory. The addition of citric and (or) lactic acid to the medium permitted toxin formation.

Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum Type E Toxin Formation by Potassium Chloride and Sodium Chloride in Hot-Process (Smoked) Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 971-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. PELROY ◽  
A. SCHERER ◽  
M. E. PETERSON ◽  
R. PARANJPYE ◽  
M. W. EKLUND
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
Toxin Formation

Whitefish steaks were brined in NaCl, KCl, or equimolar NaCl:KCl to contain similar chloride ion concentration and inoculated intramuscularly with 10 or 100 spores of Clostridium botulinum type E per gram of fish. Steaks were then heated in a simulated (i.e., without smoke) hot-smoke process to internal temperatures of 62.8° to 76.7°C (145°–170°F) for the final 30 min of a 2- to 3-h process, packaged under vacuum in oxygen-impermeable film, and stored at abuse temperature of 25°C. During 7 d of storage, toxin production was inhibited in steaks containing more than 0.66 ionic strength NaCl, 0.64 KCl, or 0.71 equimolar NaCl:KCl. The results indicate that it is feasible to substitute KCl for NaCl in hot-process smoked fish for inhibition of outgrowth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type E.

Clostridium botulinum type E occurs and grows in the alga Cladophora glomerata

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 879-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli ◽  
Richard L. Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Algal Mats ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E

In recent years, massive avian die-offs from Clostridium botulinum type E infection have occurred in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) area of Lake Michigan. These outbreaks have been coincidental with massive blooms of the green algae Cladophora , mostly Cladophora glomerata . We tested the hypothesis that Clostridium botulinum type E can grow under suitable conditions in these algal mats. In a lab mesocosm study, Cladophora from four outbreak-impacted beaches from SLBE were compared with four unimpacted beaches in the Milwaukee–Racine area for bontE gene of Clostridium botulinum. Frequency of the bontE gene was higher after incubation (25 °C for up to 6 weeks) of Cladophora from impacted vs. the unimpacted area. Since no type E gene was detected initially in Cladophora from any of the eight locations, we infer that the increased occurrence of type E gene arose from spore germination or vegetative Clostridium growth within the existing algal mats of SLBE. Moreover, we found that the congener Clostridium perfringens readily grows in mesocosms containing Cladophora.

Effect of Salt Level and Nitrite on Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum Type E Spores in Smoked Great Lakes Whitefish1

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. CUPPETT ◽  
J. I. GRAY ◽  
J. J. PESTKA ◽  
A. M. BOOREN ◽  
J. F. PRICE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Salt Level ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
Average Water

The effect of salt level and nitrite on botulinal safety of smoked whitefish was investigated. An average water-phase (wp) salt concentration of 4.4% inhibited outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores (103 spores/g) for over 35 d in temperature-abused (27°C) smoked whitefish. Incorporation of nitrite (220 mg/kg) during brining to the smoked salted (4.4%, wp) whitefish inhibited toxin production for 56 d at 27°C. An average salt concentration of 6.2% (wp), with or without nitrite, totally inhibited toxin production for the duration of the study (83 d). The effect of pH and water activity in temperature-abused smoked whitefish as a means of controlling toxin production by C. botulinum type E spores was evaluated.

INACTIVATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E SPORES BY HIGH PRESSURE PROCESSING

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. REDDY ◽  
H. M. SOLOMON ◽  
G.A. FINGERHUT ◽  
E.J. RHODEHAMEL ◽  
V.M. BALASUBRAMANIAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E
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