scholarly journals Sequencing the Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene and Related Genes in Clostridium botulinum Type E Strains Reveals orfx3 and a Novel Type E Neurotoxin Subtype

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (23) ◽  
pp. 8643-8650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Chen ◽  
Hannu Korkeala ◽  
Johannes Aarnikunnas ◽  
Miia Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
The Other ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
First Time ◽  
Distinct Subtype

ABSTRACT Three Clostridium botulinum type E strains were sequenced for the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) gene cluster, and 11 type E strains, representing a wide biodiversity, were sequenced for the bont/E gene. The total length of the BoNT/E gene cluster was 12,908 bp, and a novel gene (partial) designated orfx3, together with the complete orfx2 gene, was identified in the three type E strains for the first time. Apart from orfx3, the structure and organization of the neurotoxin gene cluster of the three strains were identical to those of previously published ones. Only minor differences (≤3%) in the nucleotide sequences of the gene cluster components were observed among the three strains and the published BoNT/E-producing clostridia. The orfx3, orfx2, orfx1, and p47 gene sequences of the three type E strains shared homologies of 81%, 67 to 76%, 78 to 79%, and 79 to 85%, respectively, with published sequences for type A1 and A2 C. botulinum. Analysis of bont/E from the 14 type E strains and 19 previously published BoNT/E-producing clostridia revealed six neurotoxin subtypes, with a new distinct subtype consisting of three Finnish isolates alone. The amino acid sequence of the subtype E6 neurotoxin differed 3 to 6% from the other subtypes, suggesting that these subtype E6 neurotoxins may possess specific antigenic or functional properties.

Clostridium botulinum type E occurs and grows in the alga Cladophora glomerata

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 879-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli ◽  
Richard L. Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Algal Mats ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E

In recent years, massive avian die-offs from Clostridium botulinum type E infection have occurred in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) area of Lake Michigan. These outbreaks have been coincidental with massive blooms of the green algae Cladophora , mostly Cladophora glomerata . We tested the hypothesis that Clostridium botulinum type E can grow under suitable conditions in these algal mats. In a lab mesocosm study, Cladophora from four outbreak-impacted beaches from SLBE were compared with four unimpacted beaches in the Milwaukee–Racine area for bontE gene of Clostridium botulinum. Frequency of the bontE gene was higher after incubation (25 °C for up to 6 weeks) of Cladophora from impacted vs. the unimpacted area. Since no type E gene was detected initially in Cladophora from any of the eight locations, we infer that the increased occurrence of type E gene arose from spore germination or vegetative Clostridium growth within the existing algal mats of SLBE. Moreover, we found that the congener Clostridium perfringens readily grows in mesocosms containing Cladophora.

scholarly journals Two Novel Toxin Variants Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing of 175 Clostridium botulinum Type E Strains

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (20) ◽  
pp. 6334-6345 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Weedmark ◽  
D. L. Lambert ◽  
P. Mabon ◽  
K. L. Hayden ◽  
C. J. Urfano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Northern Canada ◽  
River Region ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E

ABSTRACTWe sequenced 175Clostridium botulinumtype E strains isolated from food, clinical, and environmental sources from northern Canada and analyzed their botulinum neurotoxin (bont) coding sequences (CDSs). In addition tobont/E1andbont/E3variant types, neurotoxin sequence analysis identified two novel BoNT type E variants termed E10 and E11. Strains producing type E10 were found along the eastern coastlines of Hudson Bay and the shores of Ungava Bay, while strains producing type E11 were only found in the Koksoak River region of Nunavik. Strains producing BoNT/E3 were widespread throughout northern Canada, with the exception of the coast of eastern Hudson Bay.

Effect of Salt Level and Nitrite on Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum Type E Spores in Smoked Great Lakes Whitefish1

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. CUPPETT ◽  
J. I. GRAY ◽  
J. J. PESTKA ◽  
A. M. BOOREN ◽  
J. F. PRICE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Salt Level ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E ◽  
Average Water

The effect of salt level and nitrite on botulinal safety of smoked whitefish was investigated. An average water-phase (wp) salt concentration of 4.4% inhibited outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum type E spores (103 spores/g) for over 35 d in temperature-abused (27°C) smoked whitefish. Incorporation of nitrite (220 mg/kg) during brining to the smoked salted (4.4%, wp) whitefish inhibited toxin production for 56 d at 27°C. An average salt concentration of 6.2% (wp), with or without nitrite, totally inhibited toxin production for the duration of the study (83 d). The effect of pH and water activity in temperature-abused smoked whitefish as a means of controlling toxin production by C. botulinum type E spores was evaluated.

scholarly journals Analysis of Neurotoxin Cluster Genes in Clostridium botulinum Strains Producing Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Subtypes

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 2778-2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Jacobson ◽  
Guangyun Lin ◽  
Brian Raphael ◽  
Joanne Andreadis ◽  
Eric A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Cluster Type ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A ◽  
Cluster Gene ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

ABSTRACT Neurotoxin cluster gene sequences and arrangements were elucidated for strains of Clostridium botulinum encoding botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) subtypes A3, A4, and a unique A1-producing strain (HA− Orfx+ A1). These sequences were compared to the known neurotoxin cluster sequences of C. botulinum strains that produce BoNT/A1 and BoNT/A2 and possess either a hemagglutinin (HA) or an Orfx cluster, respectively. The A3 and HA− Orfx+ A1 strains demonstrated a neurotoxin cluster arrangement similar to that found in A2. The A4 strain analyzed possessed two sets of neurotoxin clusters that were similar to what has been found in the A(B) strains: an HA cluster associated with the BoNT/B gene and an Orfx cluster associated with the BoNT/A4 gene. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the neurotoxin cluster-specific genes were determined for each neurotoxin cluster and compared among strains. Additionally, the ntnh gene of each strain was compared on both the nucleotide and amino acid levels. The degree of similarity of the sequences of the ntnh genes and corresponding amino acid sequences correlated with the neurotoxin cluster type to which the ntnh gene was assigned.

INACTIVATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E SPORES BY HIGH PRESSURE PROCESSING

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. REDDY ◽  
H. M. SOLOMON ◽  
G.A. FINGERHUT ◽  
E.J. RHODEHAMEL ◽  
V.M. BALASUBRAMANIAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum Type E
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