The role of dispersal and demography in determining the efficacy of marine reserves

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah R Gerber ◽  
Selina S Heppell ◽  
Ford Ballantyne ◽  
Enric Sala
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Matrix Habitat

Marine reserves are rapidly becoming an important tool for protection and recovery of depleted marine populations. However, the relative value of reserves to particular species is strongly dependent on its life history and behavior. We present a general conceptual framework for considering dispersal in simple demographic models. This framework includes transition matrices that consist of two age-structured models connected by transition probabilities for general migration, ontogenetic shifts, and recruitment in both a reserve and an unprotected area. We show that life history characteristics and perturbation analysis can be used to predict changes in growth rate due to a decrease in adult mortality resulting from a marine reserve for different levels and types of dispersal. Reserves enhanced growth rate for all species irrespective of net dispersal between the reserve and surrounding matrix habitat, but the efficacy of reserves relative to catch reduction depended significantly on the magnitude and sign of net dispersal across the reserve boundary. Patterns of reserve efficacy across different dispersal types were strongly species specific. Given the paucity of spatially explicit data for many marine systems and species, this simple approach represents a first step in applying life history information to advance current theory and provide practical considerations for marine reserve management.

scholarly journals Biological Impact of Photoperiod on Fairy Shrimp (Branchinecta orientalis): Life History and Biochemical Composition

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Sara Farhadi ◽  
Behrooz Atashbar Kangarloei ◽  
Ahmad Imani ◽  
Kourosh Sarvi Moghanlou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Fairy Shrimp ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

B. orientalis, fairy shrimp, is often among the most conspicuous invertebrates inhabiting temporary aquatic habitats with a typical variation in environmental conditions. Its life history characteristics and biochemical composition were studied under four different photoperiodic regimes (24L:0D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D, and 12L:12D). The significantly highest cumulative and initial hatching rates (48 h) were obtained at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Cultivating the larvae under different photoperiods did not significantly affect specific growth rate (SGR) (p > 0.05). However, higher final total body length and daily growth rate were recorded under constant darkness. Higher lipid content was found at 24L:0D to the extent that it was more than two times higher than that at 16L:8D and 12L:12D (p < 0.05). There was also a remarkable increase in body crude protein content at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Body fatty-acid profiles of the fairy shrimps were also affected by culture condition (p < 0.05). Extension of lighting period resulted in a subtle increase in body contents of arginine, lysine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine, especially in the group kept under a 16L:8D regime. The highest and lowest digestive enzyme activity was observed at 0L:24D and 24L:0D, respectively (p < 0.05). In contrast, the highest and lowest soluble protein content was recorded at 24L:0D and 0L:24D, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, antioxidant status was significantly higher at 0L:24D (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 16L:8D light–dark cycle might be an optimal condition in terms of growth performance and physio-biochemical characteristics. These findings could be helpful in optimizing the rearing conditions for upscaling B. orientalis production.

Demography of Xenosaurus platyceps (Squamata: Xenosauridae): a comparison between tropical and temperate populations

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carissa Jones ◽  
Isaac Rojas-González ◽  
Julio Lemos-Espinal ◽  
Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Average Fitness

Abstract There appears to be variation in life-history strategies even between populations of the same species. For ectothermic organisms such as lizards, it has been predicted that demographic and life-history traits should differ consistently between temperate and tropical populations. This study compares the demographic strategies of a temperate and a tropical population of the lizard Xenosaurus platyceps. Population growth rates in both types of environments indicated populations in numerical equilibrium. Of the two populations, we found that the temperate population experiences lower adult mortality. The relative importance (estimated as the relative contribution to population growth rate) of permanence and of the adult/reproductive size classes is higher in the temperate population. In contrast, the relative importance for average fitness of fecundity and growth is higher in the tropical population. These results are consistent with the theoretical frameworks about life-historical differences among tropical and temperate lizard populations.

scholarly journals Asexual reproduction and growth rate: independent and plastic life history traits in Neurospora crassa

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Anderson ◽  
Bart P. S. Nieuwenhuis ◽  
Hanna Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Life History Traits

Life History Strategies

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-126
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Basic Model

The chapter introduces the basics of life history theory, the concept of life history strategy, and the fast–slow continuum of variation. After reviewing applications to animal behavior and physiology, the chapter reviews current theory and evidence on individual differences in humans as manifestations of alternative life history strategies. The chapter first presents a “basic model” of human life history–related traits, then advances an “extended model” that identifies multiple cognitive-behavioral profiles within fast and slow strategies. Specifically, it is proposed that slow strategies comprise prosocial/caregiving and skilled/provisioning profiles, whereas fast strategies comprise antisocial/exploitative and seductive/creative profiles. The chapter also reviews potential neurobiological markers of life history variation and considers key methodological issues in this area.

scholarly journals Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN S. HALPERN ◽  
SARAH E. LESTER ◽  
JULIE B. KELLNER
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Population Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
Effective Conservation

SUMMARYNo-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.

Are the scientific foundations of temperate marine reserves too warm and hard?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. CAVEEN ◽  
C.J. SWEETING ◽  
T.J. WILLIS ◽  
N.V.C. POLUNIN
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Warm Temperate

SUMMARYThe scientific literature (including some of the most high-profile papers) on the ecological and fisheries effects of permanent no-take marine reserves is dominated by examples from hard tropical and warm temperate ecosystems. It appears to have been tacitly assumed that inference from these studies can directly inform expectations of marine reserve effects in cooler temperate and cold temperate waters. Trends in peer-reviewed studies indicate that the empirical basis for this assumption is tenuous because of a relative lack of research effort in cooler seas, and differences between tropical and temperate regions in ecology, seasonality, the nature of fisheries and prevailing governance regimes.

scholarly journals Indirect genetic control of migration in a salmonid fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 20200299
Author(s):  
Suzanne J. Kelson ◽  
Stephanie M. Carlson ◽  
Michael R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Large Genomic Region

Migration is a complex trait that often has genetic underpinnings. However, it is unclear if migratory behaviour itself is inherited (direct genetic control), or if the decision to migrate is instead the outcome of a set of physiological traits (indirect genetic control). For steelhead/rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), migration is strongly linked to a large genomic region across their range. Here, we demonstrate a shared allelic basis between early life growth rate and migratory behaviour. Next, we demonstrate that early life growth differs among resident/migratory genotypes in wild juveniles several months prior to migration, with resident genotypes achieving a larger size in their first few months of life than migratory genotypes. We suggest that the genetic basis of migration is likely indirect and mediated by physiological traits such as growth rate. Evolutionary benefits of this indirect genetic mechanism likely include flexibility among individuals and persistence of life-history diversity within and among populations.

scholarly journals An Interval Mathematic-Based Methodology for Reliable Resilience Analysis of Power Systems in the Presence of Data Uncertainties

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6632
Author(s):  
Antonio Pepiciello ◽  
Alfredo Vaccaro ◽  
Loi Lei Lai
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Impact Events

Prevention and mitigation of low probability, high impact events is becoming a priority for power system operators, as natural disasters are hitting critical infrastructures with increased frequency all over the world. Protecting power networks against these events means improving their resilience in planning, operation and restoration phases. This paper introduces a framework based on time-varying interval Markov Chains to assess system’s resilience to catastrophic events. After recognizing the difficulties in accurately defining transition probabilities, due to the presence of data uncertainty, this paper proposes a novel approach based on interval mathematics, which allows representing the elements of the transition matrices by intervals, and computing reliable enclosures of the transient state probabilities. The proposed framework is validated on a case study, which is based on the resilience analysis of a power system in the presence of multiple contemporary faults. The results show how the proposed framework can successfully enclose all the possible outcomes obtained through Monte Carlo simulation. The main advantages are the low computational burden and high scalability achieved.

scholarly journals A connectivity portfolio effect stabilizes marine reserve performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (41) ◽  
pp. 25595-25600
Author(s):  
Hugo B. Harrison ◽  
Michael Bode ◽  
David H. Williamson ◽  
Michael L. Berumen ◽  
Geoffrey P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
Larval Supply ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Temporal Fluctuations ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Portfolio Effect

Well-managed and enforced no-take marine reserves generate important larval subsidies to neighboring habitats and thereby contribute to the long-term sustainability of fisheries. However, larval dispersal patterns are variable, which leads to temporal fluctuations in the contribution of a single reserve to the replenishment of local populations. Identifying management strategies that mitigate the uncertainty in larval supply will help ensure the stability of recruitment dynamics and minimize the volatility in fishery catches. Here, we use genetic parentage analysis to show extreme variability in both the dispersal patterns and recruitment contribution of four individual marine reserves across six discrete recruitment cohorts for coral grouper (Plectropomus maculatus) on the Great Barrier Reef. Together, however, the asynchronous contributions from multiple reserves create temporal stability in recruitment via a connectivity portfolio effect. This dampening effect reduces the variability in larval supply from individual reserves by a factor of 1.8, which effectively halves the uncertainty in the recruitment contribution of individual reserves. Thus, not only does the network of four marine reserves generate valuable larval subsidies to neighboring habitats, the aggregate effect of individual reserves mitigates temporal fluctuations in dispersal patterns and the replenishment of local populations. Our results indicate that small networks of marine reserves yield previously unrecognized stabilizing benefits that ensure a consistent larval supply to replenish exploited fish stocks.

Seaweed-associated animal communities in the Firth of Clyde, with special reference to the population biology of the amphipod Hyale nilssoni (Rathke)

1986 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 271-286
Author(s):  
P. G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
New Work ◽  
Animal Communities ◽  
Breeding Status

SynopisPresent knowledge of animal communities associated with the algae of the Firth of Clyde is briefly reviewed. New work is presented on Hyale nilssoni (Rathke), the commonest amphipod inhabiting high littoral seaweeds, which describes the life-history characteristics over three years of a population associated with Pelvetia. Seasonal changes in growth rate, sex ratio and breeding status are described. Fecundity is investigated and data on brood and egg sizes compared with populations from other latitudes. The dynamic equilibrium between the grazer (Hyale) and the grazed (Pelvetia) is described.

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