PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN PLANT METABOLISM: I. THE RESPIRATION OF THE SEEDLING WHEAT LEAF IN STARVATION AND ONTOGENY

1949 ◽  
Vol 27c (3) ◽  
pp. 125-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Duff ◽  
Dorothy F. Forward
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Temporary Rise ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Homologous Characters ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Very High

Uniform conditions for the culture of the plants and for conducting starvation–respiration experiments upon the first seedling leaves permit the recapture and hence thorough investigation, of transitory physiological states. A standard sample of isolated, mature leaves, so produced and starved, is shown to be heterogeneous when tested by the tempo at which the tissues in different parts of the sample pass through the color changes that accompany starvation. These are correlated with respiration. Interleaf variation in tempo is relatively small. Intraleaf variation is maximal and the leaf is polarized at isolation but a complex redistribution of tempo within each leaf brings about depolarization and diminishes intraleaf heterogeneity as starvation progresses. The respiration of such a starving sample follows a time course of characteristic pattern, all the prominent features of which have their homologues in the corresponding patterns of younger and older leaves. The homologous characters undergo gradual modification with ontogeny. The respiration of the unstarved isolated leaf is very high and falls rapidly during growth but is low and declines slowly in maturity and senescence. At the transition from growth to maturity a slight, temporary rise in respiration occurs.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN PLANT METABOLISM: VI. THE EFFECT OF ONTOGENY ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE FIRST LEAF OF WHEAT

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 558-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Physiological Heterogeneity ◽  
Very High

The respiration rate, R.Q., and the water content of each of the developing quarters of the first leaf of Khapli wheat have been measured at different ages and found to change as the tissue ages. In general the respiration rate declines as the tissue ages. The R.Q. is usually close to unity except in the basal quarter around the fifth day. The water content of the quarters tends to decline as the mature leaves become older. In the basal quarter of four- and five-day-old leaves the oxygen uptake appears to reach its peak when calculated on a dry weight basis. In the five-day-old leaves the rate of water uptake is very high and the R.Q. very low. These properties are thought to be correlated with the phase of elongation which is occurring in this quarter at that stage.

Intersubject viability in growth hormone time course during different types of work

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1682-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Raynaud ◽  
A. Capderou ◽  
J. P. Martineaud ◽  
J. Bordachar ◽  
J. Durand
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Type Of Exercise ◽  
Very High

This study addresses the question of variability of immunoreactive human growth hormone (IRHGH) response to the following types of muscular exercise. 1) One hour of submaximal exercise with restarting for 30 min after 20 min of recovery. Three types of responses were observed: a rise of [IRHGH] occurred in response to muscular activity; [IRHGH] was maintained at rest level during the first bout and then rose in the second bout; or [IRHGH] rose during the first bout and was no longer modified by the restarting. 2) Thirty minutes of heavy exercise. In some subjects [IRHGH] change was almost linear with time, reaching very high values and dropping as soon as exercise had stopped, whereas in others peak values were similar to those of submaximal exercise but, in contrast, plateaued during recovery. 3) One hour of exercise performed either continuously or with alternate sequences of 30-s exercise and 30-s pause. In intermittent exercise, some subjects displayed a similar time course of [IRHGH] as in continuous exercise and others displayed markedly high values. 4) One hour of submaximal exercise at three different intensities carried out at ambient temperatures of 24 and 33 degrees C. At 33 degrees C, in some subjects, [IRHGH] time course at the three intensities was unchanged at 33 degrees C compared with that at 24 degrees C, whereas the maximal value increased in another subject up to 150 ng X ml-1. A significant intrasubject consistency to a given type of exercise was evident over several months. The study emphasizes that caution should be used in drawing definite conclusions from averaged results with high variability.

GLUTAMIC CARBOXYLASE OF THE MATURE WHEAT LEAF

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Weinberger ◽  
K. A. Clendenning
Keyword(s):  
Pyridoxal Phosphate ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Weak Activity

A study of the distribution of glutamic carboxylase within the developing wheat plant revealed that it was absent in young plants, and was present only in traces in mature roots, and that it accumulated in mature leaves. Glutamic carboxylase was particularly abundant in the mature and senescent third leaf. Extracts of leaves of other cereals showed only weak activity, while extracts of roots, other than barley, were inactive. The high enzyme activity of the barley root extracts was exceeded only by that of mature wheat leaf extracts. A convenient method is described for enzyme storage at −40 °C. and a purification procedure was developed which effected a 500-fold concentration (nitrogen basis). The glutamic carboxylase activity of crude extracts was enhanced by preparatory exposure to phosphate buffer; after selective salt precipitation and lengthy dialysis, activity was reduced, but could be restored by the addition of pyridoxal phosphate. A heat-stable inhibitor of glutamic carboxylase at its pH optimum was found in the ether-soluble organic acid fraction of the cell sap of Kalanchoe leaves. Similar inhibiting effects were shown by malate, tartrate, and citrate, but not by succinate, fumarate, aspartate, and alanine. Kinetic studies indicated that the inhibition of plant glutamic carboxylase by cyanide is noncompetitive.

scholarly journals The relationship between prosodic and syntactic organization in early multiword speech

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEIKE BEHRENS ◽  
ULRIKE GUT
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Development ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Diagnostic Criterion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

Several descriptions of the transition from single to multiword utterances use prosody as an important diagnostic criterion. For example, in contrast to successive single-word utterances, ‘real’ two-word utterances are supposed to be characterized by a unifying intonation contour and a lack of an intervening pause. Research on the acquisition of prosody, however, revealed that control of the phonetic parameters pitch, loudness, and duration is far from complete at such an early stage. In this study, we examine the interaction between the development of different types of syntactic structures and their prosodic organization. Data from a detailed production record of a monolingual German-learning boy is analysed both auditorily and acoustically with a focus on four different types of two-word utterances produced between 2;0 and 2;3. Two major findings are reported here. First, the different types of two-word utterances undergo individual trajectories of prosodic (re-)organization, in part depending on the time course in which they become productive. This suggests that different types of multiword utterances become prosodically fluent at different points in time. Second, the variability of prosodic features such as pauses and stress pattern is very high at the onset of combinatorial speech. Consequently, fluency or disfluency of individual examples should not be used as a reliable criterion for their syntactic status and we recommend caution when taking prosody as a cue for syntactic development.

Wether bioassay of annual pasture legumes. IV. The oestrogenic activity of annual medic pastures

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Francis ◽  
AJ Millington
Keyword(s):  
Development Stage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Measurable Activity ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Very High

The oestrogenic activity of seven medic pastures measured at the time of flowering , by wether bioassay was highly correlated with their coumestrol content. The most active varieties M. littoralis (Harbinger) and M. truncatula (Cyprus) produced wether teat length increases equivalent to those resulting from injection of 8 µg of stilboestrol daily. M. scutellata (snail medic) and M. polymorpha (common burr medic) had no measurable activity. Medic pastures had only low coumestrol contents in the pre-flowering stages. Dry annual medic swards had greater coumestrol contents than the green pastures. At the burr development stage most coumestrol is found in the mature leaves, with only relatively insignificant quantities in the stems and pods. In dry material, however, the stems and pods had very high coumestrol contents. A table is presented of the coumestrol content of representative medic species tested at the flowering stage.

Model analysis of tidal volume response to inspiratory elastic loads

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Zin ◽  
A. Rossi ◽  
L. Zocchi ◽  
J. Milic-Emili
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Pressure Wave ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Driving Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Impedance ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Impedance Data ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Very High

Based on experimental inspiratory driving pressure waveforms and active respiratory impedance data of anesthetized cats, we made model predictions of the factors that determine the immediate (first loaded breath) intrinsic (i.e., nonneural) tidal volume compensation to added inspiratory elastic loads. The time course of driving pressure (P) was given by P = atb, where a is the pressure at 1 s from onset of inspiration and represents the intensity of neuromuscular drive, t is time, and b is an index of the shape of the driving pressure wave. For a given active respiratory impedance, tidal volume compensation to added elastic loads decreases with increasing inspiratory duration and decreasing value of b but is independent of a. We have also assessed the validity of the “effective elastance” (Lynne-Davies et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 30: 512–516, 1971) as a predictor of tidal volume responses to elastic loads. In absence of vagal feedback, the effective elastance appears to be a reliable predictor, except for short inspiratory duration and a very high intrinsic resistance.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN PLANT METABOLISM: VIII. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INVERTASE IN THE FIRST LEAF OF KHAPLI WHEAT

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Leaf Juice

The kinetics of wheat leaf invertase have been investigated as a basis for its quantitative estimation. No evidence was obtained which indicated that wheat leaf invertase consists of a phosphorylase and a phosphatase. Solid preparations of the enzyme may be made by precipitating the invertase with ammonium sulphate from wheat leaf juice which has been previously freed from chlorophyll by precipitation with acetate buffer at pH 4.5. A study of the distribution of this enzyme in the first leaf of wheat shows that the enzyme reaches its maximum concentration in the leaf just at the close of the period of elongation. The enzyme is more abundant in the basal part of the leaf than the tip and this condition is taken to indicate that the enzyme is associated with the vascular tissue (phloem or phloem parenchyma) rather than the chlorenchyma.

scholarly journals Interest rate pass through in the deposit and loan products provided by Greek banks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Lazaris ◽  
Anastasios Petropoulos ◽  
Vasileios Siakoulis ◽  
Evangelos Stavroulakis ◽  
Nikolaos Vlachogiannakis
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Money Market ◽  
Credit Spread ◽  
Consumer Loans ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Greek Banks ◽  
Corporate Customers ◽  
Very High

A core input in performing a regulatory stress test is the evolution of interest rates, as it affects the income generated from the assets’ side and the expenses from the liabilities’ side. In this work, we apply an autoregressive model with distributed lags (ADL) to quantify the pass through rates, that is, the degree and speed of incorporation of the changes of money market rates by banks into their customers deposit and loan rates. In doing so, for the liabilities’ side, we differentiate between open and term deposits, as well as between households and non-financial corporates. Our results indicate that for term deposits the long-term pass through rate is very high, exceeding 91% for non-financial corporate customers and 81% for households. For open deposits, the pass through rate dynamics appear less prevalent, amounting to 21% for non-financial corporate customers and 16% for households. When exploring the pass through rate dynamics in the assets’ side of the banks, we observe full long-term pass-through of money market rates, for mortgage and consumer loans. By contrast, the non-financial corporate loans rate is stickier and less reactive to money market rates changes, with long-term pass-through adjustment being approximately equal to 40%. Furthermore, our results provide evidence that the Greek sovereign spread movement has practically negligible pass through rate both for loan and deposit products. In particular, it hardly affects the pricing of new term deposits, with a pass through rate of around 5%. This finding can be attributed, among others factors, to the fact that the Greek sovereign credit spread has approached several times non-tradable territories, which makes it an insignificant variable in determining customer rates.

scholarly journals Correlations between Leaf Nutrient Content and the Production of Metabolites in Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata L. Jack) Fertilized with Chicken Manure

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Rahmah Karimuna ◽  
Sandra Arifin Aziz ◽  
Maya Melati
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Very High

Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals and food additives. Orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata) contains secondary metabolite that is beneficial to human health including lowering blood cholesterol levels, anti-obesity, and has the antioxidant capacity. Leaves of orange jessamine have several chemical constituents including L-cadinene, methyl-anthranilate, bisabolene, β-caryophyllene, geraniol, Carene, 5-guaiazulene, osthole, paniculatin, tannins, eugenol, citronelled, coumurrayin and coumarin derivatives. This study aimed to determine the correlation between leaf concentrations of N, P and K with leaf bioactive compounds following chicken manure application to the plants. The experiment was conducted at IPB Experimental Station at Cikarawang, Bogor (6o30' - 6o45' S, 106o30'-106o45' E) from March to November 2014 (250 m above sea level). The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with rates of chicken manure as a treatment, i.e. 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg per plant. Chicken manure was applied at 30 months after planting (MAP). Leaves were harvested by pruning the plants to a height of 75 cm above the soil surface. The results showed that the optimum rates of chicken manure to produce maximum fresh and dry leaf weight were 3.1 kg and 6.5 kg per plant, respectively. This rate was sufficient for leaf production at the first harvest (34 MAP) but was insufficient for the second harvest (38 MAP). K concentration of the leaves from different positions within the plant and leaf age positively correlated with leaf dry weight (P <0.01), but negatively correlated with total flavonoid content (P <0.01). Leaf P concentration was negatively correlated with dry weight of the 5th young leaves, or mature leaves from all positions. Leaf K concentration was categorized very high (3.59-4.10%), whereas leaf P concentration was high (0.28-0.29%) to very high (0.33-0.35%). The 5th mature leaves determined plant K requirements.Keywords: antioxidant, bioactive compounds, leaf position, organic, NPK leaf concentrations

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