THE INHERITANCE OF FRUIT SIZE IN THE TOMATO

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (6) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Mature Cell ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Scheme Analysis ◽  
Geometric Action ◽  
Number Of Cells

It is pointed out that size data from over 50 tomato crosses are explained by the assumption of the geometric action of size factors but not by a simple additive theory.The fact that the F1 results fitted such a theory was pointed out in a previous paper when the theory was proposed. The analysis is here extended to the F2 generation and to cell size measurements.The use of the geometric scale introduces regularity into the otherwise unpredictable F2 segregations, and they become amenable to a simple logarithmic scheme. Analysis by such a scheme indicates that differences in cell number or ovary size are caused by the segregation of three to five pairs of major genes, whereas mature cell size differences seem to be brought about by the segregation of at least twice as many factors.Final weight is thus the resultant of the proportionate action of the following factors:—1. The number of mitotic divisions in the pre-anthesis period and therefore the number of cells at anthesis.2. The cell expansion after anthesis.3. Fruit shape, locule number, and other size-modifying effects.

SOME EFFECTS ON FRUIT SIZE OF CHROMOSOME 2 OF THE TOMATO

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Map ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Number Of Cells

Fruit weights taken from two F2's of 1500 plants indicated that the genes d p o s Lc dil and suf all affect fruit weight. The recessive alleles, except suf and Lc, were associated with small fruit size. The data were analyzed to determine whether this association was the result of linkage or pleiotropic effects. The major effect occurred in the o region, which is some 44 units from the centromere of chromosome 2. The o gene makes the genes oval or pear-shaped instead of spherical, and it is shown that when the locule wall of a spherical fruit and an oval fruit are composed of the same number of cells, the spherical fruit is always heavier. Since cell number is the inherited unit of fruit size, then o is always associated with small size. A gene controlling number of locules, which affects fruit size, is also located in this section of the chromosome. The genes d and s, which are at opposite ends of the present linkage map, both appear to be linked with fruit size genes. It is suggested that these size genes lie in the hetero-chromatin which is adjacent to both ends of the linkage map. The genes dil and suf, which were produced by radiation of the same variety, appear to have pleiotropic effects on fruit size; suf increasing, and dil decreasing fruit size.

scholarly journals Rootstock Effects on Growth, Cell Number, and Cell Size of `Gala' Apples

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya K. Al-Hinai ◽  
Teryl R. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Load Effects

The effects of rootstock on growth of fruit cell number and size of `Gala' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) were investigated over three consecutive seasons (2000-02) growing on Malling 26 (M.26), Ottawa-3, Pajam-1, and Vineland (V)-605 rootstocks at the Peninsular Agricultural Research Station near Sturgeon Bay, WI. Fruit growth as a function of cell division and expansion was monitored from full bloom until harvest using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell count and cell size measurements showed that rootstock had no affect on fruit growth and final size even when crop load effects were removed. Cell division ceased about 5 to 6 weeks after full bloom (WAFB) followed by cell expansion. Fruit size was positively correlated (r2 = 0.85) with cell size, suggesting that differences in fruit size were primarily a result of changes in cell size rather than cell number or intercellular space (IS).

Stereological Analysis of the Dermal System of Fruit of the Grape Vitis vinifera L.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Considine
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Single Function ◽  
Periclinal Chimeras ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Surface

Changes in cell vdume and shape in different layers of the dermal system of the grape Vitis vinifera have been analysed in relation to position along the radius of the fruit and fruit shape. Fruit surface area was found to be a function of changes in both cell area and cell number, though cell number effects were predominant. Cell volume generally increased exponentially from the epidermis inwards, though no single function adequately described the pattern for all cultivars. Deviations from a continuous pattern of change of volume were compatible with the possible occurrence of polyploid periclinal chimeras or endoploids. These results suggest that differences in cellular structure were determined by mechanisms that were independent of potential stresses associated with differences in fruit size and shape.

scholarly journals Response of Cell Division and Cell Expansion to Local Fruit Heating in Tomato Fruit

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 294-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julienne Fanwoua ◽  
Pieter de Visser ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Gerco Angenent ◽  
Xinyou Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Fruit Skin

To improve our understanding of fruit growth responses to temperature, it is important to analyze temperature effects on underlying fruit cellular processes. This study aimed at analyzing the response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit size to heating as affected by changes in cell number and cell expansion in different directions. Individual trusses were enclosed into cuvettes and heating was applied either only during the first 7 days after anthesis (DAA), from 7 DAA until fruit maturity (breaker stage), or both. Fruit size and histological characteristics in the pericarp were measured. Heating fruit shortened fruit growth period and reduced final fruit size. Reduction in final fruit size of early-heated fruit was mainly associated with reduction in final pericarp cell volume. Early heating increased the number of cell layers in the pericarp but did not affect the total number of pericarp cells. These results indicate that in the tomato pericarp, periclinal cell divisions respond differently to temperature than anticlinal or randomly oriented cell divisions. Late heating only decreased pericarp thickness significantly. Continuously heating fruit reduced anticlinal cell expansion (direction perpendicular to fruit skin) more than periclinal cell expansion (direction parallel to fruit skin). This study emphasizes the need to measure cell expansion in more than one dimension in histological studies of fruit.

scholarly journals 745 PB 079 SINK SIZE IN GAs-TREATED AND POLLINATED RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY FRUITS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 539g-539
Author(s):  
Raouel Cano-Medrano ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Small Fruit

Exogenous applications of GA, have induced pathenocarpic fruit set in blueberry; however, size of GA,-treated fruit is smaller than pollinated fruit. The small fruit size in GA3-treated fruit may be related to either cell number and/or cell size. Thus, these parameters were examined throughout development in pollinated, non-pollinated and GA3-treated fruits. Fruit growth followed a double sigmoid pattern. During Stage I (0-25 DAA), fruit size in GA,-treated, pollinated, and non-pollinated fruits averaged 0.33, 0.39, and 0.16 g, respectively. There was little change in fruit size in Stage II (25-45 DAA). At ripening, fruit size averaged 1.7 g for GA,-treated and 2.6 g for pollinated fruits. Non-pollinated fruit abscised in Stage II. At anthesis, mesocarp cell number averaged 9910 cells per median cross sectional area and remained constant up to ripening. In Stage I, cell size in G A3-treated and pollinated fruits increased 7X and 9X respectively. Cell size in both fruit types increased 1.5X and 2.8X during Stage II and Stage 111, respectively. Fruit cell number was set at anthesis and differences in fruit size were due to differences in cell ellongation in Stage I.

scholarly journals The Effects of Different Ratios and Concentrations of Benzyladenin and GA4+7 on Fruit Size and Yield of Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 524D-524
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Clark ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
Alan N. Lakso ◽  
Warren C. Stiles
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Total Cell Number ◽  
Average Cell Size ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Positive Rate

In 1996, benzyladenine, or GA4+7, or different ratios of BA: GA4+7 (100:1, 10:1 and 1:1) were applied to 10-year-old `Empire' apple trees on M.9 at 10-mm fruit size and 19-year-old `Redchief Delicious' apple trees on M.9 or M.9/MM.111 at 7.6-mm fruit size. Each chemical or combination of BA and GA was applied at three rates (50, 100, or 150 ppm) and at 75 ppm with 1.25 ml of carbaryl/L. At harvest, fruits were sampled from each treatment to determine fruit shape, firmness, color, total cell number, average cell size, and percentage of intercellular space. The positive rate response on fruit size and negative rate response on crop load of `Empire' became less significant for each formulation as the amount of GA4+7 in the formulation increased. The same was true for `Delicious', but less pronounced. At low rates of BA, formulations containing GA resulted in more thinning than BA alone. However, at higher rates of BA, formulations containing GA caused significantly less thinning than BA alone. For treatments combined with carbaryl, crop load increased linearly in `Empire' with increasing amounts of GA4+7 in the formulation. The treatment that provided the largest fruit size for `Empire' was BA@150 ppm, while for `Delicious' it was BA@75 ppm + carbaryl. Both varieties showed the greatest reduction in crop load with the 100:1@75 ppm+ carbaryl treatment when compared to the controls. These data suggest that GA4+7 in formulation with BA may inhibit the thinning action of BA at moderate and high rates.

Changes in cell number and cell size during pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) fruit development and their relationship with fruit size

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-He Li ◽  
Zhi Zhang ◽  
Guang-Ming Sun
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Histological Observation ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Pineapple Fruit

In mainland China, more than 80% of pineapples (Ananas comosus L.) grown are the cultivar ‘Comte de Paris’. Fruit size is an important commercial trait in crops such as pineapple and it is generally believed that cell number and cell size play an important role during fruit size regulation; however, few cellular biological studies on pineapple fruit development have been conducted. To better understand the regulation of pineapple fruit size, the changes in cell number and cell size during fruit development were analysed. Pineapple cv. ‘Comte de Paris’ fruit were collected every 15 days from 0 to 75 days after the first flower appeared (DAFF), and the flesh of the second (top) and the sixth (base) fruitlets were selected for histological observation. Cell size exhibited a rapid increase up to 60 DAFF, while the cell rapidly proliferated up to 30 DAFF, then slowed down but continued to proliferate. Although grown under identical conditions, ‘Comte de Paris’ pineapples grew to different sizes. The results showed that the cell number, the cell size and the number of fruitlets were correlated with the final fruit size/weight regulation, but that cell number played the most important role.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of Fruit Size Regulation in Apple

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 868C-868
Author(s):  
Anish Malladi* ◽  
Peter Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cell Cycle Gene ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Size Regulation ◽  
Molecular Aspects

Fruit size is a commercially valuable trait. Although several factors are known to affect fruit size in apple, insights into the molecular aspects of its regulation are lacking. Our research aims to understand fruit size regulation using a combination of approaches. Analysis of a large fruited mutant of `Gala', `Grand Gala' (GG), showed that it was 40% heavier than `Gala' at harvest. Increase in size of GG fruit was caused by an increase in the cell size apparent at full bloom. Flow cytometry revealed the presence of multiple levels of ploidy (up to 16C) in GG during early fruit development. Increase in ploidy of GG is hypothesized to be due to endoreduplication, a process normally absent in apple. Endoreduplication is a modification of the cell cycle where DNA replication is not followed by cell division, resulting in increased DNA content accompanied by increased cell size. To understand if the cell cycle is altered in GG, four key cell cycle regulators, MdCDKA1, MdCDKB1, MdCYCB2 and MdCYCD3 have been partially cloned from apple using RT-PCR and RACE. As cell number at the end of the cell division phase is correlated with fruit size at harvest, expression analysis of these genes can provide valuable insights into their role in the regulation of cell number and fruit size. Analysis of cell cycle gene expression in GG may provide key insights into the altered molecular regulation that leads to endoreduplication in the mutant. Parallel approaches being employed to study whether environmental and cultural factors regulate fruit size through an influence on the cell cycle will also be discussed.

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