Stereological Analysis of the Dermal System of Fruit of the Grape Vitis vinifera L.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Considine
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Single Function ◽  
Periclinal Chimeras ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Surface

Changes in cell vdume and shape in different layers of the dermal system of the grape Vitis vinifera have been analysed in relation to position along the radius of the fruit and fruit shape. Fruit surface area was found to be a function of changes in both cell area and cell number, though cell number effects were predominant. Cell volume generally increased exponentially from the epidermis inwards, though no single function adequately described the pattern for all cultivars. Deviations from a continuous pattern of change of volume were compatible with the possible occurrence of polyploid periclinal chimeras or endoploids. These results suggest that differences in cellular structure were determined by mechanisms that were independent of potential stresses associated with differences in fruit size and shape.

scholarly journals The fruit metric trait characterization of scarlet eggplant using the high-throughput tomato analyzer software

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Olawale Adeniji ◽  
Modinat Adekoya ◽  
Peter Jonah ◽  
Innocent Iseghohi ◽  
Charity Aremu
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
Metric Traits ◽  
Shape And Size ◽  
Tomato Analyzer

Scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum [L.]) is an indigenous, underutilized fruit vegetable in Africa. Preference for fruit shape and size is high among growers and consumers. Fruit metric traits are important for yield improvement. Fruit metric descriptors are important contributors to variation, phenotypic and genotypic variation, and heritability. However, the measurement of these traits is cumbersome and subjective. Forty-three accessions were evaluated in 2016 and 2017. At maturity, 5 fruits were randomly harvested from each accession, digitalized and processed using the Tomato Analyzer software. Sixteen fruit metric traits were automatically generated and submitted for analysis of variance and multivariate analysis. The accessions differed over fruit size and shape due to genetic make-up. Fruit metric trait variation among S. aethiopicum groups was less influenced by the environment. The cv. Gilo group has oblong fruits, the cv. Shum group fruits are circular and ovoid; the cv. Kumba group fruits are less circular, lobed and flattened. AE/113 (C3), FUO 1 (C1) and FUO 5 (C2) Gilo groups are promising for fruit size. There were phenotypic plasticity and overlapping for fruit metric traits between the Gilo and Shum groups due to a common genome. The Tomato Analyzer software was able to discriminate accessions based on fruit phenomic traits, and the information could be used to establish commonalities between groups.

scholarly journals Developmental pattern of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) berry cuticular wax: Differentiation between epicuticular crystals and underlying wax

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246693
Author(s):  
Katja Arand ◽  
Evi Bieler ◽  
Markus Dürrenberger ◽  
Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Developmental Pattern ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Crystals ◽  
Wax Crystals ◽  
Fruit Surface

The grapevine berry surface is covered by a cuticle consisting of cutin and various lipophilic wax compounds. The latter build the main barrier for transpirational water loss and protect the fruit against environmental factors e.g. pests, mechanical impacts or radiation. The integrety of the fruit surface is one important key factor for post-harvest quality and storage of fruits. Nonetheless, the developmental pattern of cuticular wax was so far only investigated for a very limited number of fruits. Therefore, we performed comparative investigations on the compositional and morphological nature of epicuticular wax crystals and underlying wax during fruit development in Vitis vinifera. The main compound oleanolic acid belongs to the pentacyclic triterpenoids, which occur very early in the development in high amounts inside the cuticle. The amount increases until veraison and decreases further during ripening. In general, very-long chain aliphatic (VLCA) compounds are present in much smaller amounts and alcohols and aldehydes follow the same trend during development. In contrast, the amount of fatty acids constantly increases from fruit set to ripening while wax esters only occur in significant amount at veraison and increase further. Wax crystals at the fruit surface are solely composed of VLCAs and the morphology changes during development according to the compositional changes of the VLCA wax compounds. The remarkable compositional differences between epicuticular wax crystals and the underlying wax are important to understand in terms of studying grape-pest interactions or the influence of environmental factors, since only wax crystals directly face the environment.

scholarly journals A preliminary evaluation of the effects of pollinator enhancement and gibberellins on the fruit set and fruit shape of ‘Conference’ pears – Short Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Jolien Smessaert ◽  
Gaby van Kemenade ◽  
Anneleen Arnoys ◽  
Olivier Honnay ◽  
Wannes Keulemans
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape

‘Conference’ (Pyrus communis L.) is a self-incompatible cultivar, although it can also set fruit parthenocarpically. Stimulating parthenocarpy through gibberellin (GA) applications increases the fruit set, but it may also negatively affect the fruit size and shape. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a bumblebee (BB) amendment in combination with a GA treatment on the fruit set and fruit shape of ‘Conference’ pears. In the first experiment, we applied three treatments (GA, GA + BB & control) in a ‘Conference’ monoculture. In the second experiment, we applied two treatments (GA & GA + BB) in a ‘Conference’ orchard inter-planted with ‘Concorde’ as pollinizer trees. Both experiments showed that the GA application and bumblebee supplementation did not affect the fruit set. However, the BB treatment resulted in significantly higher amounts of normally shaped pears. Trees closer to the bumblebee hive had more normal shaped pears than trees further away.

scholarly journals The Effects of Different Ratios and Concentrations of Benzyladenin and GA4+7 on Fruit Size and Yield of Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 524D-524
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Clark ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
Alan N. Lakso ◽  
Warren C. Stiles
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Total Cell Number ◽  
Average Cell Size ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Positive Rate

In 1996, benzyladenine, or GA4+7, or different ratios of BA: GA4+7 (100:1, 10:1 and 1:1) were applied to 10-year-old `Empire' apple trees on M.9 at 10-mm fruit size and 19-year-old `Redchief Delicious' apple trees on M.9 or M.9/MM.111 at 7.6-mm fruit size. Each chemical or combination of BA and GA was applied at three rates (50, 100, or 150 ppm) and at 75 ppm with 1.25 ml of carbaryl/L. At harvest, fruits were sampled from each treatment to determine fruit shape, firmness, color, total cell number, average cell size, and percentage of intercellular space. The positive rate response on fruit size and negative rate response on crop load of `Empire' became less significant for each formulation as the amount of GA4+7 in the formulation increased. The same was true for `Delicious', but less pronounced. At low rates of BA, formulations containing GA resulted in more thinning than BA alone. However, at higher rates of BA, formulations containing GA caused significantly less thinning than BA alone. For treatments combined with carbaryl, crop load increased linearly in `Empire' with increasing amounts of GA4+7 in the formulation. The treatment that provided the largest fruit size for `Empire' was BA@150 ppm, while for `Delicious' it was BA@75 ppm + carbaryl. Both varieties showed the greatest reduction in crop load with the 100:1@75 ppm+ carbaryl treatment when compared to the controls. These data suggest that GA4+7 in formulation with BA may inhibit the thinning action of BA at moderate and high rates.

scholarly journals Global epigenetic and metabolic changes accompany the alterations in fruit size and shape of Cucurbita pepo L. intra-species grafting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliki Xanthopoulou ◽  
Aphrodite Tsaballa ◽  
Ioannis Ganopoulos ◽  
Aliki Kapazoglou ◽  
Evangellia Avramidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
The Impact

To further understand the impact of grafting on fruit characteristics and to comprehend the mechanisms involved in graft-induced changes we studied homo- and hetero- grafted Cucurbita pepo cultivars (cv.) that vary in fruit size and shape. C. pepo cv. ‘Munchkin’ (small fruit) and cv. ‘Big Moose’ (large fruit) as well as cv. ‘Round green’ (round fruit) and cv. ‘Princess’ (elongated fruit) were homografted and reciprocally heterografted. The results show significant changes in fruit size when ‘Big Moose’ was grafted onto ‘Munchkin’ rootstocks in comparison to homo-grafted controls. Moderate changes in fruit shape were observed when grafting of cv. ‘Round green’ and cv. ‘Princess’ were performed. This is the first report of such phenotypic changes after intra-species/inter-cultivar grafting in Cucurbitaceae. Additionally, we found significant changes in i) secondary metabolite profile, ii) global DNA methylation pattern and iii) miRNA expression patterns in grafted scions and iv) DNA methylation on graft-induced phenotypic changes in grafted plants. Our results contribute to further understanding graft-induced effects on fruit morphology in intra-species grafting. Furthermore, our results pave the way for understanding the role of phenolic metabolites and epigenetic molecular mechanisms on the phenotypic changes recorded.

Decreased number of locules and pericarp cell layers underlie smaller and ovoid fruit in tomato smaller fruit (sf) mutant

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yushun Li ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Tayeb Muhammad ◽  
Yan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape

Fruit size and shape are the primary criteria for domestication and improvement of tomato. The varying sizes and shapes of tomato fruit further signify their importance as agronomic traits. Here, we characterized a tomato mutant, smaller fruit (sf), which bears relatively small and ovoid fruits compared with the large and flat fruits of the wild-type (WT). Phenotypic measurements and histological analyses revealed that fruit diameter but not fruit length of the sf mutant decreased compared with that of the WT. This phenotypic change was attributed to significant decreases in locule number and pericarp cell layers in a transverse direction, which resulted in the transition of fruit shape from flat in the WT to ovoid in sf. Comparison of the transcriptomes of ovaries of sf with the WT using RNA-Seq identified 2596 differentially expressed genes, in which 1737 genes significantly were up-regulated and 859 genes were dramatically down-regulated in the sf ovary. Further analyses confirmed that some genes, such as CRCa, CNRs, CYCs, WUS, SUNs, OFRs, CDKs, participate in regulation of fruit size and shape of sf mutant. Thus, our study adds a new genetic resource regarding fruit size and shape of tomato, and provides a valuable basis for understanding molecular regulation of small and ovoid fruit of the sf mutant.

scholarly journals Image-based phenotyping for identification of QTL determining fruit shape and size in American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarponL.)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Diaz-Garcia ◽  
Giovanny Covarrubias-Pazaran ◽  
Brandon Schlautman ◽  
Edward Grygleski ◽  
Juan Zalapa
Keyword(s):  
Persistent Homology ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
American Cranberry ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
End Use

Image-based phenotyping methodologies are powerful tools to determine quality parameters for fruit breeders and processors. The fruit size and shape of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarponL.) are particularly important characteristics that determine the harvests’ processing value and potential end-use products (e.g., juice vs. sweetened dried cranberries). However, cranberry fruit size and shape attributes can be difficult and time consuming for breeders and processors to measure, especially when relying on manual measurements and visual ratings. Therefore, in this study, we implemented image-based phenotyping techniques for gathering data regarding basic cranberry fruit parameters such as length, width, length-to-width ratio, and eccentricity. Additionally, we applied a persistent homology algorithm to better characterize complex shape parameters. Using this high-throughput artificial vision approach, we characterized fruit from 351 progeny from a full-sib cranberry population over three field seasons. Using a covariate analysis to maximize the identification of well-supported quantitative trait loci (QTL), we found 252 single QTL in a 3-year period for cranberry fruit size and shape descriptors from which 20% were consistently found in all years. The present study highlights the potential for the identified QTL and the image-based methods to serve as a basis for future explorations of the genetic architecture of fruit size and shape in cranberry and other fruit crops.

THE INHERITANCE OF FRUIT SIZE IN THE TOMATO

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (6) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Mature Cell ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
Scheme Analysis ◽  
Geometric Action ◽  
Number Of Cells

It is pointed out that size data from over 50 tomato crosses are explained by the assumption of the geometric action of size factors but not by a simple additive theory.The fact that the F1 results fitted such a theory was pointed out in a previous paper when the theory was proposed. The analysis is here extended to the F2 generation and to cell size measurements.The use of the geometric scale introduces regularity into the otherwise unpredictable F2 segregations, and they become amenable to a simple logarithmic scheme. Analysis by such a scheme indicates that differences in cell number or ovary size are caused by the segregation of three to five pairs of major genes, whereas mature cell size differences seem to be brought about by the segregation of at least twice as many factors.Final weight is thus the resultant of the proportionate action of the following factors:—1. The number of mitotic divisions in the pre-anthesis period and therefore the number of cells at anthesis.2. The cell expansion after anthesis.3. Fruit shape, locule number, and other size-modifying effects.

scholarly journals Cucumber Fruit Size and Shape Variations Explored from the Aspects of Morphology, Histology, and Endogenous Hormones

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Liu ◽  
Yupeng Pan ◽  
Ce Liu ◽  
Yuanyuan Ding ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Fruit Length ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Diameter

Fruit size and shape are important qualities and yield traits in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), but the factors that influence fruit size and shape remain to be explored. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of fruit size and shape from the aspects of morphology, cellular levels and endogenous hormones for nine typical cucumber inbred lines. The results show that fruit length had a strong positive correlation to the cell number in the longitudinal section of fruit throughout the four stages of 0, 6, 12, and 30 DAA (days after anthesis). However, the significant negative correlations were found between fruit length and the fruit cell size at 12 and 30 DAA. Furthermore, fruit diameter was positively correlated to the cell number in the cross section at all the investigated fruit growth stages. The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content showed significant positive correlations to the fruit length at all fruit growth stages of −6, −3, 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 DAA, but IAA content and fruit diameter showed significant negative correlations for all the stages except for at −6 DAA. The trans-zeatin riboside (tZR), zeatin (ZT), gibberellic acid (GA3) and jasmonic acid (JA) content had a positive or negative correlation with fruit length or diameter only at certain stages. Neither fruit length nor diameter had significant correlations to abscisic acid (ABA) content. These results indicate that variations in fruit size and shape of different cucumber inbred lines mainly result from the differences in fruit cell number and endogenous IAA content. The present work is the first to propose cucumber fruit size and shape changes from the combined aspects of morphology, cellular levels, and endogenous hormones.

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