SOME EFFECTS ON FRUIT SIZE OF CHROMOSOME 2 OF THE TOMATO

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
L. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Map ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Number Of Cells

Fruit weights taken from two F2's of 1500 plants indicated that the genes d p o s Lc dil and suf all affect fruit weight. The recessive alleles, except suf and Lc, were associated with small fruit size. The data were analyzed to determine whether this association was the result of linkage or pleiotropic effects. The major effect occurred in the o region, which is some 44 units from the centromere of chromosome 2. The o gene makes the genes oval or pear-shaped instead of spherical, and it is shown that when the locule wall of a spherical fruit and an oval fruit are composed of the same number of cells, the spherical fruit is always heavier. Since cell number is the inherited unit of fruit size, then o is always associated with small size. A gene controlling number of locules, which affects fruit size, is also located in this section of the chromosome. The genes d and s, which are at opposite ends of the present linkage map, both appear to be linked with fruit size genes. It is suggested that these size genes lie in the hetero-chromatin which is adjacent to both ends of the linkage map. The genes dil and suf, which were produced by radiation of the same variety, appear to have pleiotropic effects on fruit size; suf increasing, and dil decreasing fruit size.

scholarly journals Higher Temperatures Decrease Fruit Size in Strawberry Growing in the Subtropics

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Christopher Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Solids Content

Five strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars were grown in Queensland, Australia to determine whether higher temperatures affect production. Transplants were planted on 29 April and data collected on growth, marketable yield, fruit weight and the incidence of small fruit less than 12 g until 28 October. Additional data were collected on fruit soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) from 16 September to 28 October. Minimum temperatures were 2 °C to 4 °C higher than the long-term averages from 1965 to 1990. Changes in marketable yield followed a dose-logistic pattern (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.99). There was a strong negative relationship between fruit weight (marketable) and the average daily mean temperature in the four or seven weeks before harvest from 29 July to 28 October (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.90). There were no significant relationships between SSC and TA, and temperatures in the eight days before harvest from 16 September to 28 October (p > 0.05). The plants continued to produce a marketable crop towards the end of the season, but the fruit were small and more expensive to harvest. Higher temperatures in the future are likely to affect the economics of strawberry production in subtropical locations.

scholarly journals Temperature Has a Greater Effect on Fruit Growth than Defoliation or Fruit Thinning in Strawberries in the Subtropics

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Fruit size declines in strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) as the season progresses in many subtropical areas, possibly due to inadequate leaf area, over-cropping, or high temperatures. An experiment was conducted to investigate the importance of these factors on fruit growth in ‘Festival’ in Queensland, Australia. Groups of plants were defoliated to remove half of the mature leaves on each plant, thinned to remove all the inflorescences on each plant, or defoliated and thinned. Control plants were left intact. Defoliation, thinning, or defoliation + thinning decreased yield (total and/or marketable) by 15% to 24% compared with the control. Defoliation, or defoliation + thinning decreased average fruit weight (total and/or marketable fruit) by 1 to 2 g compared with the control, whereas thinning had the opposite effect. The incidence of small fruit increased towards the end of the season. There were strong relationships between fruit weight and average daily mean temperature in the seven weeks before harvest (R2s greater than 0.80). Fruit weight decreased from 24 g to 8 g as the temperature increased from 16 °C to 20 °C. This response was not affected by defoliation or thinning. The strong effect of temperature on fruit size indicates a problem for production in the future in the absence of heat-tolerant cultivars.

scholarly journals 745 PB 079 SINK SIZE IN GAs-TREATED AND POLLINATED RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY FRUITS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 539g-539
Author(s):  
Raouel Cano-Medrano ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Small Fruit

Exogenous applications of GA, have induced pathenocarpic fruit set in blueberry; however, size of GA,-treated fruit is smaller than pollinated fruit. The small fruit size in GA3-treated fruit may be related to either cell number and/or cell size. Thus, these parameters were examined throughout development in pollinated, non-pollinated and GA3-treated fruits. Fruit growth followed a double sigmoid pattern. During Stage I (0-25 DAA), fruit size in GA,-treated, pollinated, and non-pollinated fruits averaged 0.33, 0.39, and 0.16 g, respectively. There was little change in fruit size in Stage II (25-45 DAA). At ripening, fruit size averaged 1.7 g for GA,-treated and 2.6 g for pollinated fruits. Non-pollinated fruit abscised in Stage II. At anthesis, mesocarp cell number averaged 9910 cells per median cross sectional area and remained constant up to ripening. In Stage I, cell size in G A3-treated and pollinated fruits increased 7X and 9X respectively. Cell size in both fruit types increased 1.5X and 2.8X during Stage II and Stage 111, respectively. Fruit cell number was set at anthesis and differences in fruit size were due to differences in cell ellongation in Stage I.

scholarly journals Pendugaan Ragam Genetik dan Heritabilitas Karakter Hasil dan Komponen Hasil Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) di Dua Lokasi

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Rudy Hermanto ◽  
Muhamad Syukur ◽  
Widodo .
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Size Group ◽  
Lycopersicum Esculentum ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Time Of Harvest

<p>ABSTRACT<br />The objective of the study was to determine the genetic variability and heritability for some characters of twenty tomato genotypes across at two locations. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), three replications as a block was nested in location (at two locations i.e Ciawi and Lembang). Plant materials were twenty genotypes: 42D, 50D, 96D, 61I, 40D, 21D, 59I, 57D, 40I, 102D, 58I, 59D, 94D, 43D, 60I, 99D, 100D, 98D, 04I dan Tora. Results indicated that time of harvest, fruit weight, number of fruit per plant, fruit length and fruit width had broad genetic variability. The characters of yield per plant and fruit firmness had narrow genetic variability. Broad-sense heritability was high for all observed characters. Genotype 42D can be used to develop high yielding tomato for small fruit size group, 59D and Tora for medium fruit size group, 97D and 94D for big fruit size group.<br />Keywords: broad, fruit, genetic, narrow, size, twenty</p><p>ABSTRAK<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi keragaman genetik dan heritabilitas karakter hasil dan komponen hasil tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) di dua lokasi. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) dua faktor dengan tiga ulangan. Ulangan tersarang dalam lokasi (dua lokasi yaitu Ciawi dan Lembang). Materi genetik yang digunakan adalah 20 galur murni generasi F-7 yaitu 42D, 50D, 96D, 61I, 40D, 21D, 59I, 57D, 40I, 102D, 58I, 59D, 94D, 43D, 60I, 99D, 100D, 98D, 04I dan Tora. Keragaman genetik yang luas terdapat pada karakter umur panen, bobot buah, jumlah buah per tanaman, panjang buah dan diameter buah, sedangkan keragaman genetik sempit terdapat pada karakter bobot buah per tanaman dan kekerasan buah. Semua karakter yang diamati mempunyai nilai heritabilitas arti luas yang tinggi. Genotipe 42D dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan varietas tomat berdaya hasil tinggi untuk kelompok ukuran buah kecil. Genotipe 59D dan Tora untuk kelompok ukuran buah sedang dan genotipe 97D dan 94D untuk kelompok ukuran buah besar.<br />Kata kunci: buah, dua puluh, genetik, luas, sempit, ukuran</p>

scholarly journals Differences in Cell Number Facilitate Fruit Size Variation in Rabbiteye Blueberry Genotypes

2011 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Klima Johnson ◽  
Anish Malladi ◽  
D. Scott NeSmith
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
University Of Georgia ◽  
Fruit Diameter

Fruit size is a valuable commercial trait in blueberry. The cellular basis of variation in fruit size among rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) genotypes was investigated. Twenty genotypes, including cultivars and advanced selections from the University of Georgia blueberry breeding program, were analyzed. Among the 20 genotypes, fruit weight and fruit diameter varied by over threefold and 1.6-fold, respectively. Regression analysis indicated a linear relationship between fruit weight and fruit diameter (R2 = 0.97, P < 0.001), suggesting that fruit diameter is a good predictor of fruit weight. Among the 20 genotypes, mesocarp cell number and cell area varied by almost 2.5-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively. Although fruit diameter and cell number were significantly related (R2 = 0.79, P < 0.001), no relationship could be established between fruit diameter and cell area. These data indicate that variation in fruit size among rabbiteye blueberry genotypes is primarily facilitated by variation in cell number. Two small and two large fruit size genotypes were further analyzed. Differences in cell number among some of these genotypes were apparent at bloom suggesting that cell production before bloom is an important mechanism contributing to variation in final cell number. Differences in final cell number among other genotypes were manifested during fruit development, indicating that cell production during fruit development was also instrumental in determining variation in final cell number. This study suggests that fruit size variation in rabbiteye blueberry genotypes is determined by mechanisms that regulate cell production before bloom and during fruit development.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Genetic Pathway to Extreme Fruit Size in Tomato Using a Cross Between the Small-Fruited Wild Species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium and L. esculentum var. Giant Heirloom

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Lippman ◽  
Steven D Tanksley
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Analysis ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Lycopersicon Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Carpel Number ◽  
Locule Number ◽  
First Time

Abstract In an effort to determine the genetic basis of exceptionally large tomato fruits, QTL analysis was performed on a population derived from a cross between the wild species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (average fruit weight, 1 g) and the L. esculentum cultivar var. Giant Heirloom, which bears fruit in excess of 1000 g. QTL analysis revealed that the majority (67%) of phenotypic variation in fruit size could be attributed to six major loci localized on chromosomes 1-3 and 11. None of the QTL map to novel regions of the genome—all have been reported in previous studies involving moderately sized tomatoes. This result suggests that no major QTL beyond those already reported were involved in the evolution of extremely large fruit. However, this is the first time that all six QTL have emerged in a single population, suggesting that exceptionally large-fruited varieties, such as Giant Heirloom, are the result of a novel combination of preexisting QTL alleles. One of the detected QTL, fw2.2, has been cloned and exerts its effect on fruit size through global control of cell division early in carpel/fruit development. However, the most significant QTL detected in this study (fw11.3, lcn11.1) maps to the bottom of chromosome 11 and seems to exert its effect on fruit size through control of carpel/locule number. A second major locus, also affecting carpel number (and hence fruit size), was mapped to chromosome 2 (fw2.1, lcn2.1). We propose that these two carpel number QTL correspond to the loci described by early classical geneticists as fasciated (f) and locule number (lc), respectively.

Comparative Sequencing in the Genus Lycopersicon: Implications for the Evolution of Fruit Size in the Domestication of Cultivated Tomatoes

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Clint Nesbitt ◽  
Steven D Tanksley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Transcriptional Variation

Abstract Sequence variation was sampled in cultivated and related wild forms of tomato at fw2.2—a fruit weight QTL key to the evolution of domesticated tomatoes. Variation at fw2.2 was contrasted with variation at four other loci not involved in fruit weight determination. Several conclusions could be reached: (1) Fruit weight variation attributable to fw2.2 is not caused by variation in the FW2.2 protein sequence; more likely, it is due to transcriptional variation associated with one or more of eight nucleotide changes unique to the promoter of large-fruit alleles; (2) fw2.2 and loci not involved in fruit weight have not evolved at distinguishably different rates in cultivated and wild tomatoes, despite the fact that fw2.2 was likely a target of selection during domestication; (3) molecular-clock-based estimates suggest that the large-fruit allele of fw2.2, now fixed in most cultivated tomatoes, arose in tomato germplasm long before domestication; (4) extant accessions of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, the subspecies thought to be the most likely wild ancestor of domesticated tomatoes, appear to be an admixture of wild and cultivated tomatoes rather than a transitional step from wild to domesticated tomatoes; and (5) despite the fact that cerasiforme accessions are polymorphic for large- and small-fruit alleles at fw2.2, no significant association was detected between fruit size and fw2.2 genotypes in the subspecies—as tested by association genetic studies in the relatively small sample studied—suggesting the role of other fruit weight QTL in fruit weight variation in cerasiforme.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Morfologi dan Mutu Buah Mengkudu

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Endjo Djauhariya ◽  
Mono Rahardjo ◽  
NFN Ma'mun
Keyword(s):  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Fruit Type ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Indian Mulberry

<p>The characterization of indian mulberry or noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) was conducted in some areas of Java in May to December 2003 to study their morfological and quality variations. It was found that there were seven distinct groups of noni types. Base on fruit size, there were two distinguished groups; types with big fruits (Types 1, 2, 4, and 5), and types with small fruits (types 3, 6, and 7). Big fruit had higher extract concentration than small fruit. Type 4 was seed less, had in highest juice percentage. The seed less type was rare and only found in Surakartya and Semarang in a limited population. The types widely grown throughout the entire survey areas. The type 5 has highest fruit weight, its fruits grew in cluster, it was found in Malingping and Tasikmalaya. Base on fruits taste, none could be grouped into two groups: fruits with sour-sweet taste and fruit with bitter taste. All types which grew near the beach had bitter taste. The bitter fruits did not fall when they were ripe, whereas the sour-sweet fruits fall at the some of ripening.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian dilakukan di sentra pertanaman mengkudu di Jawa Barat (Ciampea, Cipaku, Jasinga, Tasikmalaya), Banten (tepi pantai Malingping), Jawa Tengah (Surakarta, Semarang, Yogyakarta), dan di Jawa Timur (Lamongan) pada bulan Mei- Desember 2003, untuk mengetahui ciri-ciri morfologi dan mutu buah mengkudu. Telah diperoleh tujuh tipe mengkudu dengan perbedaan sifat-sifat morfologi, fisiologi, dan mutu buahnya. Perbedaan tipe mengkudu yang mencolok adalah bentuk, ukuran, rasa, dan rendemen daging buah. Dari ketujuh tipe tersebut terdapat dua tipe yang berukuran buah besar (tipe 1, 2, 4, dan 5), dan tipe berukuran buah kecil (tipe 3, 6, dan 7). Tipe mengkudu yang ukuran buahnya besar, rendemen jus dan daging buahnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang buahnya berukuran kecil. Dari tipe berukuran buah besar terdapat satu tipe berbiji sedikit yang dianggap seed less, yaitu tipe 4, sehingga rendemen daging buahnya tinggi. Tipe seed less termasuk langka, karena hanya ditemukan di Surakarta dan Semarang dengan populasi terbatas. Tipe yang mempunyai daerah penyebaran luas adalah tipe 1, ditemukan di tepi pantai hingga ketinggian 600 m dpl. Tipe 5 bobot buahnya paling tinggi, buah bercabang, ditemukan di Malingping dan Tasikmalaya. Rasa daging buah, dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu asam manis dan pahit. Semua tipe yang tumbuh di tepi pantai rasa buahnya pahit, dan setelah masak buahnya tidak langsung jatuh. Kelompok yang mempunyai rasa buah tidak pahit, buah tidak langsung jatuh setelah masak.</p>

scholarly journals 683 Contributions of Early Season Environment and Crop Load to Apple Fruit Development

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 516D-516
Author(s):  
C.J. Stanley ◽  
D.S. Tustin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Growth Partitioning ◽  
Load Conditions

Many factors contribute to final apple fruit size. Researchers have studied these factors and have developed models, some very complex. Results from many New Zealand regions over several years suggest that early season temperature along with crop load are the key factors driving final fruit size. Accumulated growing degree days from full bloom to 50 days after full bloom (DAFB), accounted for 90% of the variance in fruit weight of `Royal Gala' apples at 50 DAFB under nonlimiting low-crop-load conditions. In turn, fruit weight at 50 DAFB accounted for 90% of the variance in final fruit size at harvest under the low-crop-load conditions. We hypothesise that a potential maximum fruit size is set by 50 DAFB, determined by total fruit cell number, resulting from a temperature-responsive cell division phase. Under conditions of no limitations after the cell division phase, we suggest that all cells would expand to their optimum size to provide the maximum fruit size achievable for that cell number. Factors which affect growth partitioning among fruits, e.g., higher crop loads, would reduce final fruit size, for any given cell number, when grown in the same environment. In Oct. 1999, four different crop loads were established at full bloom on `Royal Gala' trees (M9 rootstock) in four climatically different regions. In Hawkes Bay, similar crop loads were established at 50 DAFB on additional trees. Hourly temperatures were recorded over the season. Fruit size was measured at 50 DAFB and fruit will be harvested in Feb. 2000. These data should provide fresh insight and discussion into the respective roles of temperature and competition during the cell division fruit growth phase on apple fruit size.

scholarly journals Identification of fruit size associated quantitative trait loci featuring SLAF based high-density linkage map of goji berry (Lycium spp.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazal Rehman ◽  
Haiguang Gong ◽  
Zhong Li ◽  
Shaohua Zeng ◽  
Tianshun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Linkage Map ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Goji Berry ◽  
Trait Loci

Abstract Background: Goji (Lycium spp., 2n = 24) is a fruit bearing woody plant popular as a superfood for extensive medicinal and nutritional advantages. Fruit size associated attributes are important for evaluating small-fruited goji berry and plant architecture. The domestication traits are regulated quantitatively in crop plants but few studies have attempted on genomic regions corresponding to fruit traits. Results: In this study, we established high-resolution map using specific locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing for de novo SNPs detection based on 305 F1 individuals derived from L. chinense and L. barbarum and performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of fruit size related traits in goji berry. The genetic map contained 3,495 SLAF markers on 12 LGs, spanning 1,649.03 cM with 0.47 cM average interval. Female and male parents and F1 individuals` sequencing depth was 111.85-fold and 168.72-fold and 35.80-fold, respectively. The phenotype data were collected for 2 successive years (2018-2019); however, two-year mean data were combined in an extra year (1819). Total 117 QTLs were detected corresponding to multiple traits, of which 78 QTLs in 2 individual years and 36 QTLs in extra year. 6 Promising QTLs (qFW10-6.1, qFL10-2.1, qLL10-2.1, qLD10-2.1, qLD12-4.1, qLA10-2.1) were discovered influencing fruit weight, fruit length and leaf related attributes covering an interval ranged from 27.32-71.59 cM on LG10 with peak LOD of 10.48 and 14.6% PVE. Three QTLs targeting fruit sweetness (qFS3-1, qFS5-2) and fruit firmness (qFF10-1) were also identified. Strikingly, various traits QTLs were overlapped on LG10, in particular, qFL10-2.1 was co-located with qLL10-2.1, qLD10-2.1 and qLA10-2.1 among stable QTLs, harbored tightly linked markers, while qLL10-1 was one major QTL with 14.21 highest LOD and 19.3% variance. As LG10 harbored important traits QTLs, we might speculate that it could be hotspot region regulating fruit size and plant architectures. Conclusions: This report highlighted the extremely saturated linkage map using SLAF-seq and novel loci contributing fruit size-related attributes in goji berry. Our results will shed light on domestication traits and further strengthen molecular and genetic underpinnings of goji berry; moreover, these findings would better facilitate to assemble the reference genome, determining potential candidate genes and marker-assisted breeding.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document