THE SYSTEM NAPHTHALENE–p-NITROPHENOL: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ALL THE VARIABLES IN AN EQUATION OF THE FREEZING POINT CURVE

1941 ◽  
Vol 19b (3) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
A. J. R. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Heat Of Fusion ◽  
Heat Of Mixing ◽  
Raoult’S Law ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
Freezing Curve ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Raoult's Law

With the object of determining the factors responsible for the inapplicability of the ideal equation of the freezing curve,[Formula: see text]a number of experimental determinations have been carried out on the system naphthalene–p-nitrophenol. These were: (i) specific heat, (ii) heat of fusion, (iii) heat of mixing, (iv) vapour pressure, (v) vapour composition, (vi) density, (vii) surface tension, (viii) viscosity.The conclusion is arrived at that the discrepancy is due principally to the invalidity of Raoult's law in this case. Since the deviation is positive with respect to both components, it cannot be ascribed to compound formation in solution. Apart from the deviation from Raoult's law, the solution does not exhibit marked abnormality.The data obtained also permit of the complete, or almost complete, construction of the p–t–x model for this system.

THE VOLATILIZATION OF PLUTONIUM FROM NEUTRON-IRRADIATED URANIUM

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Langmuir Equation ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Raoult’S Law ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Raoult's Law

The volatilization of plutonium from neutron-irradiated uranium has been examined at 1540°, 1650°, and 1769 °C. The observed rates of evaporation of plutonium have been compared with calculated rates based on the Langmuir equation and Raoult’s law. Experimental and calculated results agree within the precision of the experimental measurements, indicating that the plutonium in neutron-irradiated uranium follows the ideal solution laws.

Cryoscopic and Viscosity Studies of Polyisobutylene. Cryoscopic Deviation of Polyisobutylene Solutions from Raoult's Law

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemp ◽  
H. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Infinite Dilution ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Raoult’S Law ◽  
Ideal Solutions ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Raoult's Law

Abstract 1. The cryoscopic method is not satisfactory for polyisobutylenes having chain lengths much over 40 isobutylene units, on account of the failure of their solutions to obey Raoult's law. 2. The present work has led to the selection of a Kcm value of 0.75×104 for n-hexane solutions of polyisobutylene for use in the equation M=(log ηr×Kcm)/C. 3. Extrapolation of cryoscopic data obtained on nonideal solutions to infinite dilution gives inordinately high molecular weight values compared with those based on freezing point measurements of ideal solutions. 4. Of several solvents studied, n-hexane was found to be the best for viscosity—molecular weight measurements of polyisobutylene. 5. Fractionation of polyisobutylene by diffusion into mixtures of n-hexane and acetone resulted in the separation of the lower polymer fractions.

The density, electrical conductivity, freezing point, and viscosity of mixtures of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and water

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 1832-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Corkum ◽  
John Milne
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Composition Range ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Incongruent Melting ◽  
Point Curve ◽  
The Ideal

Density, viscosity, specific conductivity, and freezing point measurements over the whole composition range of water–trifluoromethanesulfonic acid mixtures are reported. A maximum in viscosity and minimum in specific conductivity are observed at the composition corresponding to the monohydrate, H3O+SO3CF3−, and a maximum deviation from the ideal density is found at the composition corresponding to H5O2+SO3CF3−. The freezing point curve gives evidence for four hydrates with 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1 water/trifluoromethanesulfonic acid mole ratios. An incongruent melting hydrate, probably 2:1 acid to water mole ratio is also indicated.

The entropy of liquid mixtures: I. The theory of Raoult's Law

1941 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Staverman ◽  
J. H. van Santen
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Raoult’S Law ◽  
Raoult's Law

Study on Mechanical Automation with Design of Rapid Milk Detector Based on Freezing Point

2013 ◽  
Vol 703 ◽  
pp. 282-286
Author(s):  
Ren Cai Zhang ◽  
Xiang Yu ◽  
Xing Ju Liu ◽  
Jin Hai Zhai ◽  
Zhen Wu Ning
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Electronic Control System ◽  
Freezing Curve ◽  
Rack Mechanism

An efficient automated milk detector based on freezing point depression is designed. This detector shares characters of high efficiency and good stability with accuracy and automation. Its main parts include temperature sensor of IC (Integrated Circuit), pinion-rack mechanism and crank-rocker mechanism and electronic control system. Monitoring in-situ change of milk freezing curve and developing efficiency of sampling can be available by means of pinion-rack mechanism and IC temperature sensor mechatronics design. As a result, adulterating status of milk can be discriminated in a rapid and accurate and automated way. The detector may be employed to detect liquid foods other than milk as well.

scholarly journals Effects of Egg Yolk, Glycerol and the Freezing Rate on the Viability and Acrosomal Structures of Frozen Ram Spermatozoa

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Watson ◽  
ICA Martin
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Freezing Rate ◽  
Heat Of Fusion ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Latent Heat Of Fusion ◽  
Cooling Phase

The influence of egg yolk, glycerol and the freezing rate on the survival of ram spermatozoa and on the structure of their acrosomes after freezing was investigated. Egg yolk was shown to be beneficial not only during chilling but also during freezing; of the levels examined, 1� 5 % gave the greatest protection. Although the presence of glycerol in the diluent improved the survival of spermatozoa, increasing concentrations produced significant deterioration of the acrosomes. With closely controlled linear cooling rates, no overall difference was detected in the survival of spermatozoa frozen at rates between 6 and 24�C per min. However, a significant interaction between freezing rate and the inclusion of glycerol in the diluent showed that glycerol was less important at the highest freezing rate. A sudden cooling phase near to the freezing point following the release of the latent heat of fusion was not detrimental to spermatozoa.

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